Aristophanes Birds 1737

Anonymous (Translator), ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr., ed. Whitney J. Oates, ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr.

Birds. Aristophanes. Anonymous (Translator), ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr., ed. Whitney J. Oates, ed. Eugene O'Neill, Jr.. New York. 1938.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Birds (English) (Aristophanes. The Complete Greek Drama, Vol. 2. Anonymous, translator. O'Neill, Eugene; Oates, Whitney Jennings, editors. New York: Random House, 1938 (printing).)

Editions (1)
Ὄρνιθες Perseus (Aristophanes. Aristophanis Comoediae, Vol. 1. Hall, F. W. and Geldart, William M., editors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.) — 1737 focus
Translations (2)
Birds (OCR draft) Experimental (Anonymous translation, 1938 compilation; legacy Perseus source migration. Preserved separately from the revised canonical perseus-eng2 at the project owner's request.) — 1737 focus
English (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) Experimental (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) — 1737 focus

Commentary

Commentary (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) focus

1739. mvp-tlg0019-tlg006-sanjaya-com-eng1-104

Line 1739

ηὔθυνε παλιντόνους,
The verb αὐθύνειν (here ἠύθυνε) in this context denotes 'to steer' or 'to guide' a vessel, but the construction with the accusative object παλιντόνους (literally 'those with reversed rudders' or 'those steering backward') is a striking example of Aristophanic wordplay. The adjective παλίντονος is rare and likely coined for the comic effect of the birds' chaotic flight, suggesting a deliberate inversion of the normal direction of travel. The use of the aorist ἠύθυνε indicates a specific, completed action within the narrative flow, contrasting with the ongoing or habitual nature of the birds' flight described elsewhere in the play.