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So saying, she went down from the bright upper chamber, not alone, for two handmaids attended her. Now when the fair lady reached the wooers she stood by the doorpost of the well-built hall, 210 holding before her face her shining veil; and a faithful handmaid stood on either side of her. Straightway then the knees of the wooers were loosened and their hearts enchanted with love, and they all prayed, each that he might lie by her side. But she spoke to Telemachus, her dear son: 215 “Telemachus, thy mind and thy thoughts are no longer steadfast as heretofore. When thou wast but a child thou wast wont to revolve in thy mind thoughts more cunning; but now that thou art grown and hast reached the bounds of manhood, and wouldest be called a rich man's son by one who looked only to thy stature and thy comeliness, being himself a stranger from afar, 220 thy mind and thy thoughts are no longer right as before. What a thing is this that has been done in these halls, that thou hast suffered yon stranger to be so maltreated! How now, if the stranger, while sitting thus in our house, should come to some harm through grievous mishandling? 225 On thee, then, would fall shame and disgrace among men.” Then wise Telemachus answered her: “My mother, in this matter I take it not ill that thou art filled with anger. Yet of myself I know in my heart and understand each thing, the good and the evil, whereas heretofore I was but a child. 230 But I am not able to plan all things wisely, for these men here thwart my will, keeping by me, one on this side and one on that, with evil purpose, and I have none to help me. Howbeit, I can tell thee, this battle between the stranger and Irus fell not out according to the mind of the wooers, but the stranger proved the better man. 235 I would, O father Zeus, and Athena, and Apollo, that even now the wooers were thus subdued in our halls, and were hanging their heads, some in the court and some within the hall, and that each man's limbs were loosened, even as Irus now sits yonder by the gate of the court, 240 hanging his head like a drunken man, and cannot stand erect upon his feet, or go home to whatsoever place he is wont to go, because his limbs are loosened.” Thus they spoke to one another. But Eurymachus addressed Penelope, and said: 245 “Daughter of Icarius, wise Penelope, if all the Achaeans throughout Iasian Argos could see thee, even more wooers would be feasting in your halls from to-morrow on, for thou excellest all women in comeliness and stature, and in the wise heart within thee.”

Odyssey. Homer. A. T. Murray (Translator). London. 1919.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Odyssey (English) (Homer. The Odyssey, Volume 1-2. Murray, A. T. (Augustus Taber), translator. London: William Heinmann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1919.)

Editions (1)

Ὀδύσσεια Perseus (Homer. The Odyssey, Volume 1-2. Murray, A. T. (Augustus Taber), editor. London: William Heinmann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1919.) — 18.206 focus

ὣς φαμένη κατέβαινʼ ὑπερώϊα σιγαλόεντα,

οὐκ οἴη· ἅμα τῇ γε καὶ ἀμφίπολοι δύʼ ἕποντο.

ἡ δʼ ὅτε δὴ μνηστῆρας ἀφίκετο δῖα γυναικῶν,

στῆ ῥα παρὰ σταθμὸν τέγεος πύκα ποιητοῖο,

ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ κρήδεμνα·

210

ἀμφίπολος δʼ ἄρα οἱ κεδνὴ ἑκάτερθε παρέστη.

τῶν δʼ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατʼ, ἔρῳ δʼ ἄρα θυμὸν ἔθελχθεν,

πάντες δʼ ἠρήσαντο παραὶ λεχέεσσι κλιθῆναι.

ἡ δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχον προσεφώνεεν, ὃν φίλον υἱόν·

Τηλέμαχʼ, οὐκέτι τοι φρένες ἔμπεδοι οὐδὲ νόημα·

215

παῖς ἔτʼ ἐὼν καὶ μᾶλλον ἐνὶ φρεσὶ κέρδεʼ ἐνώμας·

νῦν δʼ, ὅτε δὴ μέγας ἐσσὶ καὶ ἥβης μέτρον ἱκάνεις,

καί κέν τις φαίη γόνον ἔμμεναι ὀλβίου ἀνδρός,

ἐς μέγεθος καὶ κάλλος ὁρώμενος, ἀλλότριος φώς,

οὐκέτι τοι φρένες εἰσὶν ἐναίσιμοι οὐδὲ νόημα.

220

οἷον δὴ τόδε ἔργον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἐτύχθη,

ὃς τὸν ξεῖνον ἔασας ἀεικισθήμεναι οὕτως.

πῶς νῦν, εἴ τι ξεῖνος ἐν ἡμετέροισι δόμοισιν

ἥμενος ὧδε πάθοι ῥυστακτύος ἐξ ἀλεγεινῆς;

σοί κʼ αἶσχος λώβη τε μετʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέλοιτο.

225

τὴν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·

μῆτερ ἐμή, τὸ μὲν οὔ σε νεμεσσῶμαι κεχολῶσθαι·

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ θυμῷ νοέω καὶ οἶδα ἕκαστα,

ἐσθλά τε καὶ τὰ χέρεια· πάρος δʼ ἔτι νήπιος ἦα.

ἀλλά τοι οὐ δύναμαι πεπνυμένα πάντα νοῆσαι·

230

ἐκ γάρ με πλήσσουσι παρήμενοι ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος

οἵδε κακὰ φρονέοντες, ἐμοὶ δʼ οὐκ εἰσὶν ἀρωγοί.

οὐ μέν τοι ξείνου γε καὶ Ἴρου μῶλος ἐτύχθη

μνηστήρων ἰότητι, βίῃ δʼ ὅ γε φέρτερος ἦεν.

αἲ γάρ, Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον,

235

οὕτω νῦν μνηστῆρες ἐν ἡμετέροισι δόμοισι

νεύοιεν κεφαλὰς δεδμημένοι, οἱ μὲν ἐν αὐλῇ,

οἱ δʼ ἔντοσθε δόμοιο, λελῦτο δὲ γυῖα ἑκάστου,

ὡς νῦν Ἶρος κεῖνος ἐπʼ αὐλείῃσι θύρῃσιν

ἧσται νευστάζων κεφαλῇ, μεθύοντι ἐοικώς,

240

οὐδʼ ὀρθὸς στῆναι δύναται ποσὶν οὐδὲ νέεσθαι

οἴκαδʼ, ὅπη οἱ νόστος, ἐπεὶ φίλα γυῖα λέλυνται.

ὣς οἱ μὲν τοιαῦτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον·

Εὐρύμαχος δʼ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα Πηνελόπειαν·

κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο, περίφρον Πηνελόπεια,

245

εἰ πάντες σε ἴδοιεν ἀνʼ Ἴασον Ἄργος Ἀχαιοί,

πλέονές κε μνηστῆρες ἐν ὑμετέροισι δόμοισιν

ἠῶθεν δαινύατʼ, ἐπεὶ περίεσσι γυναικῶν

εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε ἰδὲ φρένας ἔνδον ἐΐσας.

Translations (8)

Odyssey Perseus (Homer. The Odyssey: rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot read the original. Butler, Samuel, 1835-1902, translator. Revised by Timothy Power and Gregory Nagy. London: A.C. Fifield, 1900.) — 18.206 focus

206 With these words she came down from her upper room, not alone but attended by two of her maidens, and when she reached the suitors she stood by one of the bearing-posts supporting the roof of the room, holding a veil before her face, and with a staid maid servant on either side of her. As they beheld her the suitors were so overpowered and became so desperately enamored of her, that each one prayed he might win her for his own bed fellow.

214 "Telemakhos," said she, addressing her son, "I fear you are no longer so discreet and well conducted as you used to be. When you were younger you had a subtler thoughtfulness [ kerdos]; now, however, that you are grown up, though a stranger to look at you would take you for the son of a well-to-do [ olbios] father as far as size and good looks go, your conduct is by no means what it should be. What is all this disturbance that has been going on, and how came you to allow a stranger to be so disgracefully ill-treated? What would have happened if he had suffered serious injury while a suppliant in our house? Surely this would have been very discreditable to you."

226 "I am not surprised, my dear mother, at your displeasure," replied Telemakhos, "I understand all about it and know when things are not as they should be, which I could not do when I was younger; I cannot, however, behave with perfect propriety at all times. First one and then another of these wicked people here keeps driving me out of my mind, and I have no one to stand by me. After all, however, this fight between Iros and the stranger did not turn out as the suitors meant it to do, for the stranger got the best of it. I wish Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo would break the neck of every one of these wooers of yours, some inside the house and some out; and I wish they might all be as limp as Iros is over yonder in the gate of the outer court. See how he nods his head like a drunken man; he has had such a thrashing that he cannot stand on his feet nor get back to his home [ nostos], wherever that may be, for has no strength left in him."

243 Thus did they converse. Eurymakhos then came up and said, "Queen Penelope, daughter of Ikarios, if all the Achaeans in Iasian Argos could see you at this moment, you would have still more suitors in your house by tomorrow morning, for you are the most admirable woman in the whole world both as regards personal beauty and strength of understanding."

English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020)) — 18.206 focus

With these words she came down from her upper room, not alone but attended by two of her maidens, and when she, shining among women, reached the suitors she stood by one of the bearing-posts supporting the roof of the hall, [210] holding a veil before her face, and with a staid maid servant on either side of her. As they beheld her the suitors were so overpowered and became so desperately enamored of her, that each one prayed he might win her for his own bedmate.

[215] “Telemachus,” said she, addressing her beloved son, “I fear you are no longer so discreet and well conducted as you used to be. When you were younger you had a subtler thoughtfulness [ kerdos]; now, however, that you are grown up, though a stranger to look at you would take you for the son of a well-to-do [ olbios] father as far as size and good looks go, [220] your conduct is by no means what it should be. What is all this disturbance that has been going on, and how came you to allow a stranger to be so disgracefully ill-treated? What would have happened if he had suffered serious injury while a suppliant in our house? [225] Surely this would have been very discreditable to you.”

“I am not surprised, my dear mother, at your displeasure,” replied the spirited Telemachus, “I understand all about it and know when things are not as they should be, which I could not do when I was younger; [230] I cannot, however, behave with perfect propriety at all times. First one and then another of these wicked people here keeps driving me out of my mind, and I have no one to stand by me. After all, however, this fight between Iros and the stranger did not turn out as the suitors meant it to do, for the stranger got the best of it. [235] I wish Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo would break the neck of every one of these wooers of yours, some inside the house and some out; and I wish they might all be as limp as Iros is over yonder in the gate of the outer court. [240] See how he nods his head like a drunken man; he has had such a thrashing that he cannot stand on his feet nor achieve a homecoming [ nostos], wherever that may be, for has no strength left in him.”

Thus did they converse. Eurymakhos then came up and said, [245] “Circumspect Queen Penelope, daughter of Ikarios, if all the Achaeans in Iasian Argos could see you at this moment, you would have still more suitors in your house by tomorrow morning, for you are the most admirable woman in the whole world both as regards personal beauty and strength of understanding.” [250]

English (William Cullen Bryant, 1873) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (William Cullen Bryant, 1873)) — 18.206 focus

She spake, and from the royal bower went down,

Yet not alone; two maidens went with her.

And when that most august of womankind

Drew near the suitors, at the door she stopped

Of that magnificent hall, and o'er her cheeks

265

Let fall the lustrous veil, while on each side

A modest maiden stood. The suitors all

Felt their knees tremble, and were sick with love,

And all desired her. Then the queen bespake

Telemachus, her well-beloved son : -

270

"Telemachus, thy judgment is not firm,

Nor dost thou think aright. While yet a boy

Thy thought was wiser. Now that thou art grown,

And on the verge of manhood, so that one

Who comes from far and sees thy noble part

275

And stature well may say thou art the son

Of a most fortunate father, yet to think

And judge discreetly thou art not as then,

For what a deed is this which has been done

Even here! Thou hast allowed a stranger guest

280

To be assaulted rudely. How is this?

If one who sits a guest beneath our roof

Be outraged thus, be sure it brings to thee

Great shame and rank dishonor among men."

To this discreet Telemachus replied :

285

"Mother, I cannot take it ill that thou

Shouldst be offended. But of many things

I have a clear discernment, and can weigh

The good and bad. I was till now a child,

Yet even now I cannot always see

290

The wiser course. These men bewilder me,

As, sitting side by side, they lay their plots

Against me, and I have no helper here.

When Irus and the stranger fought, the strife

Had no such issue as the suitors wished.

295

The stranger conquered. Would to Father Jove,

To Pallas and Apollo, that the crew

Of suitors here might sit with nodding heads

Struck down upon the spot, within these halls

Or in the courts, and all with powerless limbs,

300

As Irus sits beside the gate and nods,

Like one o'ercome with wine, nor can he stand

Upon his feet, nor go to where he dwells,

If home he has, so feeble are his limbs."

So talked the twain awhile; then interposed

305

Eurymachus, and thus bespake the queen: —

"Sage daughter of Icarius! if all those

Who in Iäsian Argos have their homes

Should once behold thee, a still larger crowd

Of suitors would to-morrow come and feast

310

Within thy halls, so much dost thou excel

In mind and form and face all womankind."

English (Alexander Pope, 1726, ed. Watson, 1858) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Alexander Pope, 1726, ed. Watson, 1858)) — 18.206 focus

Thus wailing, slow and sadly she descends;

On either hand a damsel train attends :

Full where the dome its shining valves expands,

Radiant before the gazing peers she stands;

A veil translucent, o'er her brow display'd,

250

Her beauty seems, and only seems, to shade:

Sudden she lightens in their dazzled eyes,

And sudden flames in every bosom rise;

They send their eager souls with every look,

Till silence thus th' imperial matron broke:

255

PENELOPE

'O why! my son, why now no more appears

'That warmth of soul that urged thy younger years?

'Thy riper days no growing worth impart,

'A man in stature, still a boy in heart!

'Thy well-knit frame unprofitably strong,
260

'Speaks thee a hero, from a hero sprung:

'But the just gods in vain those gifts bestow,

'O wise alone in form, and brave in show!

'Heavens! could a stranger feel oppression's hand

'Beneath thy roof, and could'st thou tamely stand?
265

'If thou the stranger's righteous cause decline,

'His is the sufferance, but the shame is thine.'

TELEMACHUS

To whom, with filial awe, the prince returns:

'That generous soul with just resentment burns;

'Yet, taught by time, my heart has learn'd to glow

'For others' good, and melt at others' woe;
270

'But, impotent these riots to repel,

'I bear their outrage, though my soul rebel;

'Helpless amid the snares of death I tread,

'And numbers leagued in impious union dread;

'But now no crime is theirs: this wrong proceeds
275

'From Irus, and the guilty Irus bleeds.

'Oh would to Jove! or her whose arms display

'The shield of Jove, or him who rules the day,

'That yon proud suitors, who licentious tread

'These courts, within these courts like Irus bled!
280

'Whose loose head tottering, as with wine oppress'd,

'Obliquely drops, and nodding knocks his breast;

'Powerless to move, his staggering feet deny

'The coward wretch the privilege to fly.'

Then to the queen Eurymachus replies :

285

EURYMACHUS

'O justly lov'd, and not more fair than wise!

'Should Greece through all her hundred states survey

'Thy finish'd charms, all Greece would own thy sway,

'In rivals crowds contest the glorious prize,

'Dispeopling realms to gaze upon thy eyes:
290

'O woman! loveliest of the lovely kind,

'In body perfect, and complete in mind.'

PENELOPE

English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843)) — 18.206 focus

and that said, then down

She goes to th' porch before the door of th' hall

With her two maids; she would not go alone;

And so stood at the door within their sight,

180

But with her scarf her cheeks a little shaded.

A maid stood at her left hand and her right.

When she appeared Love all their hearts invaded.

Her speech then to Telemachus she addressed:

Telemachus, said she, your wit's less now

185

Than when you were a boy. 'Twas then at best;

And backward more and more it seems to grow.

You now are tall, and come to man's estate,

And counted are the best men's sons among.

Of your discretion you begin t' abate;

190

Why else dye let your stranger suffer wrong ?

If you your guests thus treat, what think you, can

Men say of you that's good or honourable ?

You'll be reproach'd and scorn'd of every man,

And taken for a man unhospitable.

195

Mother, said he, you well may angry be;

And yet I better know what's good and ill

Than heretofore. But these men hinder me;

I cannot without help do all I will.

The quarrel 'twixt my guest and Irus was

200

None of the suitors' act; by chance it rose,

As they sate begging, from some other cause,

And Irus only bare away the blows.

O Jupiter, I wish, and all the Gods,

That all your suitors were in Irus' case,

205

(Who yonder sits, like one that's drunk, and nods)

Either here right, or in some other place,

Unable to go home. Penelope

And her lov'd son so talk'd. And then

Eurymachus: If all the lords, said he,

210

Which now through Argos bear rule over men

Should see you now, more suitors you'd have here

(For you do far all woman-kind surpass)

And come betime to taste of your good cheer ;

None such for fair and prudent ever was.

215

English (George Chapman, 1667, ed. Hooper 1857) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (George Chapman, 1667, ed. Hooper 1857)) — 18.206 focus

Then she descended with her maids, and took

Place in the portal; whence her beamy look

300

Reach'd ev'ry Wooer's heart; yet cast she on

So thin a veil, that through it quite there shone

A grace so stolen, it pleased above the clear,

And sunk the knees of every Wooer there,

Their minds so melted in love's vehement fires,

305

That to her bed she heighten'd all desires.

The prince then coming near, she said: "O son,

Thy thoughts and judgments have not yet put on

That constancy in what becomes their good,

Which all expect in thee. Thy younger blood

310

Did sparkle choicer spirits; but, arrived

At this full growth, wherein their form hath thrived

Beyond the bounds of childhood, and when now,

Beholders should affirm, 'This man doth grow

Like [to] the rare son of his matchless Sire,

315

(His goodliness, his beauty, and his fire

Of soul aspired to)' thou mak'st nothing good

Thy fate, nor fortune, nor thy height of blood,

In manage of thy actions. What a deed

Of foul desert hath thy gross suff'rance freed

320

Beneath thine own roof! A poor stranger here

Used most unmanly! How will this appear

To all the world, when Fame shall trumpet out,

That thus, and thus, are our guests beat about

Our court unrighted? 'Tis a blaze will show

325

Extremely shameful to your name and you."

"I blame you not, O mother," he replied,

"That, this clear wrong sustain'd by me, you chide;

Yet know I both the good and bad of all,

Being past the years in which young errors fall.

330

But, all this known, skill is not so exact

To give, when once it knows, things fit their fact.

Under the prease of strangers here, I may

Well doubt my safety, since, bent to my decay,

They cross my counsels. And yet this same jar

335

Betwixt our guest and Irus was no war

Wrought by the Wooers; nor our guest sustain'd

Wrong in that action, but the conquest gain'd.

And would to Jove, Minerva, and the Sun,

That all your Wooers might serve Contention

340

For such a purchase as the beggar made,

And wore such weak heads! Some should death invade,

Strew'd in the entry, some embrue the hall,

Till every man had vengeance capital,

Sattled like Irus at the gates, his head

345

Every way nodding, like one forfeited

To reeling Bacchus, knees nor feet his own,

To bear him where he's better loved or known."

Their speeches given this end, Eurymachus

Began his courtship, and express'd it thus:

350

"Most wise Icarius' daughter! If all those,

That did for Colchos' vent'rous sail dispose

For that rich purchase, had before but seen

Earth's richer prize in th' Ithacensian Queen,

They had not made that voyage, but to you

355

Would all their virtues and their beings vow.

Should all the world know what a worth you store,

To-morrow than to-day, and next light, more

Your court should banquet; since to all dames you

Are far preferr'd, both for the grace of show,

360

In stature, beauty, form in every kind

Of all parts outward, and for faultless mind."

English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey)) — 18.206 focus

She said, and through her chambers' stately door

Issuing, descended; neither went she sole,

255

But with those two fair menials of her train.

Arriving, most majestic of her sex,

In presence of the numerous guests, beneath

The portal of the stately dome she stood

Between her maidens, with her lucid veil

260

Mantling her lovely cheeks. Then, every knee

Trembled, and every heart with amorous heat

Dissolved, her charms all coveting alike,

While to Telemachus her son she spake.

Telemachus! thou art no longer wise

265

As once thou wast, and even when a child.

For thriven as thou art, and at full size

Arrived of man, so fair-proportion'd too,

That even a stranger, looking on thy growth

And beauty, would pronounce thee nobly born,

270

Yet is thy intellect still immature.

For what is this? why suffer'st thou a guest

To be abused in thy own palace? how?

Know'st not that if the stranger seated here

Endure vexation, the disgrace is thine?

275

Her answer'd then Telemachus discrete.

I blame thee not, my mother, that thou feel'st

Thine anger moved; yet want I not a mind

Able to mark and to discern between

Evil and good, child as I lately was,

280

Although I find not promptitude of thought

Sufficient always, overawed and check'd

By such a multitude, all bent alike

On mischief, of whom none takes part with me.

But Irus and the stranger have not fought,

285

Urged by the suitors, and the stranger proved

Victorious; yes-Heaven knows how much I wish

That, (in the palace some, some in the court,)

The suitors all sat vanquish'd, with their heads

Depending low, and with enfeebled limbs,

290

Even as that same Irus, while I speak,

With chin on bosom propp'd at the hall-gate

Sits drunkard-like, incapable to stand

Erect, or to regain his proper home.

So they; and now addressing to the Queen

295

His speech, Eurymachus thus interposed.

O daughter of Icarius! could all eyes

Throughout läsian Argos view thy charms,

Discrete Penelope! more suitors still

Assembling in thy courts would banquet here

300

From morn to eve; for thou surpassest far

In beauty, stature, worth, all womankind.

English (H. B. Cotterill, 1911) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (H. B. Cotterill, 1911)) — 18 focus

ODYSSEY BOOK XVIII

NOW there came to the palace a well-known beggar, who alway

Begged in the Ithacan town. He was famed for his ravenous belly.

Endless his eating and drinking; but no great strength had the fellow,

Neither endurance, although right big was the bulk of his body.

Once was his name Arnaeus. The lady his mother had called him

So from his birth; but the youths all gave him the title of Irus,

Since that he willingly went on a message whene'er he was bidden.

He now came, and attempted to drive from his palace Odysseus,

Uttering threats and abuse, and with swift-winged words he addressed him :

"Get thee agone, old man—or be dragged by the feet—from the doorway!

Canst thou not see that they all are nodding and winking to bid me

Drag thee away? Natheless I am half unwilling to do so.

Up with thee! up! or the quarrel is like to be settled by fighting.”

Glaring askance at the man deep-plotting Odysseus addressed him :

"Navy, good sir, I am harming thee nothing by word or by action.

Ne'er will I grudge it if any shall give thee a dole—and a large one.

Sure there's room for us both on the threshold, and surely thou needst not

Envy the luck of another. Thou seemest a beggar and vagrant,

E'en as myself; and we look to the gods to vouchsafe us a blessing.

Challenge me not to a fray too hotly, nor rouse me to anger,

Lest that in spite of my age on thy breast and thy lips I shall paint thee

Red with thy blood. And indeed 'twould save me from further annoyance

Now and to-morrow, for truly methinks thou'dst dream of returning

Never again to the house of Odysseus the son of Laertes."

Then to a fury aroused thus answered him Irus the vagrant :

"Navy by the gods, how glibly he talks, this gluttonous porker!

Like to a crone that attends to an oven! I'll work him a mischief—

Slog him with both of my fists, and the whole of his teeth I will knock clean

Out of his jaws as the tusks of a hog that has ravaged a cornfield.

Gird thee! and all of the men here present shall judge of the matter,

Viewing us fight. I will teach thee to box with a man that is younger!"

Thus these twain in the front of the high hall door of the mansion,

Over the smooth-worn threshold, provoked each other to anger.

Now when the powerful prince, lord Antinous, had perceived it,

Sweetly and loudly he laughed, and he spake to the suitors around him:

"Comrades, here is a thing that has happened never aforetime!

Such an amusement as never before God sent to the palace!

Look at the stranger and Irus! The one is inciting the other

Unto a contest of fists! Come! Quick! Let us set them a-fighting."

Scarce had he uttered the words, all leapt to their feet and with laughter

Gathered around and encircled the raggedly raimented beggars.

Then spake Antinous, Eupeithes' son, and addressed them :

"Listen, ye high-born suitors, I pray ! I will make a proposal.

There on the hearth are lying the stomachs of goats, that for supper

Ready we laid, well filled with the blood of the beasts and the caul-fat.

Now of the twain whichever shall conquer and prove him the better,

He shall advance and shall take of the stomachs the one that he chooseth;

He too alway shall join us at feasts, nor shall ever another

Beggar be present or e'er be permitted to sue for a pittance."

Thus spake Antinous, and his words pleased all of the others.

Then with a crafty intent deep-plotting Odysseus addressed them:

"Friends, it is hopeless, I know, to contest with a man that is younger,

Since I am old and outworn with my woes; but the belly compels me,

Maker of mischief that bringeth upon me defeat and a flogging.

Come now, all of you swear me an oath and a solemn assurance

None shall in favour of Irus, uplifting a hand to assail me,

Wantonly strike me a blow and oblige me to yield to the fellow."

Thus did he speak, and they all of them swore to refrain, as I bade them.

Then, when at length they had given the oath and had finished the plighting,

Once more spake in the midst prince Telemachus and addressed him :

"Stranger, if truly thy heart and thy valiant spirit command thee

Thus to defend thee against him, be fearful of none of the nobles,

Since not only with one shall he fight, whoever shall strike thee.

Host of the banquet am I; these chieftains also approve it,

Antinous and Eurymachus—both noted for wisdom."

Thus did he speak, and they all consented thereto; and Odysseus

Gilded his loins with his rags, and his sinewy thighs he uncovered

Goodly and great; and the vast broad shoulders appeared, and the mighty

Chest and the arms. (At his side once more was the goddess Athene

Giving again their strength to the limbs of the prince of the people.)

Forthwith every suitor was filled with exceeding amazement,

While that the one, as he gazed, spake thus to another beside him:

"Irus, un-Irus'd, will soon be imbibing the broth he was brewing!

PATTEN WILSON
ODYSSEUS AND IRUS

Look at the old man's thigh that is showing from under his tatters!"

Thus did they speak, and the spirit of Irus was seized by a panic.

Yet e'en so he was girt by the servants and brought with compulsion

Utterly cowed, with the flesh on his limbs all quaking in terror.

Then spake Antinous and reproached him and loudly rebuked him:

"Better it were thou hadst died—nay, ne'er been living—thou bully,

Since thou art terribly fear'd by the fellow and quakest to meet him,

Though he is old and outworn with the misery fallen upon him.

Now will I tell thee a thing that will certainly find a fulfilment :

Should this fellow prevail in the combat and prove him the better,

Into a black-hulled ship I shall cast thee at once and shall send thee

Over to Echetus, lord of the mainland and maimer of mortals;

Then with the merciless steel he will shear thee thy nose and thy ears off,

Tear from thy body thy vitals and cast them to dogs to be fought for."

So as he spake still more did the man's limbs tremble in terror.

Thus to the ring he was brought, and with hands uplifted they stood there.

Now at the first was in doubt long-suffering godlike Odysseus

Whether to smite him a stroke to deprive him of life as it felled him,

Or with a moderate blow of the fist on the earth to extend him.

Thus as he pondered thereon this plan seemed surely the better,

Lightly to strike—for he feared to be known to the princely Achaeans.

So they uplifted their hands. First Irus a blow on the shoulder

Planted; but under the ear on the neck he was smitten, and inward

Crushed was the bone, and at once from his mouth red blood was a-spouting.

Moaning he fell in the dust and, his teeth tight-clenching together,

Drummed with his heels on the ground as he lay; and the arrogant suitors

Dying for laughter uplifted their hands in delight; but Odysseus

100

Hauled him away by the feet from the doorway and into the courtyard,

Right to the gates of the porch, and there by the wall of the courtyard

Set him and propped him, and placed in the hands of the fellow a cudgel.

Then upraising his voice these swift-winged words he addressed him:

"Sit now here as a scare for the pigs and the dogs! I advise thee

105

Never again to attempt o'er strangers and beggars to lord it,

Meddlesome fool, lest haply befall thee a greater misfortune."

These words spoken, he slung on his shoulders the beggarly wallet,

Terribly tattered and torn ; and thereon was a cord to suspend it.

Then to the threshold returning he sat him adown; and the suitors

110

Merrily laughing re-entered the palace and gave him a welcome:

"Zeus vouchsafe, O stranger, and other immortals, to grant thee

All of thy dearest desires—yea, all that thy spirit can long for,

Since thou hast stopped this insatiate fellow from playing the vagrant

Here in the Ithacan land. So now right soon we shall ship him

115

Over to Echetus, king of the mainland and maimer of mortals."

Thus did he speak, and the godlike Odysseus rejoiced at the omen.

Antinous now laid at his side of the stomachs a great one

Filled with the blood and the fat of the goats, while Amphinomus too

Lifted a couple of loaves from the basket and placed them beside him,

120

Then from a goblet of gold drank welcome and weal to him, saying:

"Hail to thee, stranger and father! I wish thee for ever in future

Happier days—since now thou art holden of many misfortunes."

Him then in answer addressed these words deep-plotting Odysseus:

"Amphinomus, as it seems, thou art verily gifted with wisdom,

125

E'en as thy father—for oft did I hear of his high reputation,

Nisus of Dulichium, as a man that was brave and was wealthy.

Being, they say, his son thou art like him in good understanding.

So I will tell thee the truth: attentively listen and mark me.

Nothing is nourished by earth more utterly feeble than man is,

130

Nothing of all that is breathing on earth and is creeping upon it.

'Verily never,' he saith to himself, 'shall I suffer misfortune

While God granteth me manhood and still are supple my knee-joints.'

Ay but whenever affliction is sent by the blesséd immortals

All, though sorely unwilling, he bears with a heart of endurance.

135

Such forsooth is the mind of an earth-born mortal: it changes

E'en as the Father of men and of gods sends seasons of fortune.

I too once had the hope to be blest in the world, but committed

Many infatuate deeds in the pride of my arrogant temper,

Trusting moreover my father and also my brothers to help me.

140

Wherefore ne'er is it wise for a man to be lawless, but rather

Quietly all to enjoy, whatsoe'er the immortals shall give him.

Thus an infatuate deed I behold these suitors committing,

Wantonly wasting the wealth of a man and insulting his consort,

Yea and a man that, I ween, not afar from his friends and his homeland

145

Long shall remain. He is even at hand! Some deity lead thee

Safely away to thy home, lest here in his palace thou haply

Meet him whene'er he returns to the well-loved land of his fathers,

Since not bloodless (or much I mistake) will they part from the combat,

He and the suitors, whene'er he shall enter the halls of his homestead."

150

These words spoken, he poured of the wine honey-sweet a libation,

Emptied the goblet and handed it back to the warrior chieftain.

He thro' the palace returned, with his heart sore troubled within him,

Bowing his head; for in sooth in his spirit he boded of evil.

Yet e'en so he escaped not his doom: him too did Athene

155

Destine to death by the hands and the spear of the son of Odysseus.

Then did he seat him again on the chair from the which he had risen.

Now was a thought vouchsafed by the grey-eyed goddess Athene

Unto the daughter of Icarius, wise Penelopeia,

E'en to appear to the suitors and make all hearts at her beauty

160

Open with rapture as never before—since thus she was minded

Still more honour to win from her lord and her son than aforetime.

So with a lightsome laugh to her woman she called and addressed her :

"Eurynomé, in my heart is a longing as ne'er I remember,

Under the gaze of the suitors to stand, though truly I hate them.

165

Also a rede to my son will I give that will tend to his welfare—

Not to consort too oft with the band of the arrogant suitors,

Seeing they speak fair words while secretly brooding on evil."

Then did the house-dame Eurynomé thus answer her saying:

"Ay, it is verily wisely and well thou hast spoken, my daughter.

170

Go to thy child and impart him thy wish, nor attempt to conceal it;

Not howbeit before thou hast bathed and thy face is anointed;

Not like this, with thy cheeks all stained by thy tears, I beseech thee!

Go! for it profiteth little to mourn thus ever and alway.

Yea and thy son, he is now of an age to be wise—and of heaven

175

This was thy dearest demand, with a beard on his chin to behold him."

Her then in turn gave answer the wise-souled Penelopeia :

"Eurynomé, I beseech thee, refrain, though urged by affection,

Giving me comfort and bidding me bathe and anoint me with unguents.

All of the pride of my beauty the gods who inhabit Olympus

180

Withered as soon as my lord in the hollow ships had departed.

Seek now Autonoë and Hippodameia, and bid them

Hither to come; in the hall I am wishful to have them beside me;

Never alone to the men will I go, since shyness forbids it."

Thus did she speak, and her woman departing from out of the chamber

185

Went to the maidens, to give them the message and hasten their coming.

Now did a new thought come to the grey-eyed goddess Athene.

Over the daughter of Icarius sweet slumber diffusing

Backward she made her to sink, and with joints all loosened she lay there

Stretched on her couch. Meanwhile, as she slumbered, the beautiful goddess

190

Gifts ambrosial gave her, to dazzle the eyes of the princes.

First, to her features fair new beauty and brighter she added,

Such as the bloom immortal with which fair-crowned Cytherea

Gleameth whenever she goes to the beautiful dance of the Graces.

Taller moreover she made her in stature and larger in person,

195

Whiter she made her of skin than is fresh-sawn ivory's whiteness.

After that thus she had wrought she departed, the beautiful goddess.

Then did the white-armed maidens approach from the women's apartment,

Talking aloud as they came; and at once sweet slumber released her.

Rubbing her cheeks with her hands, these words half wakened she murmured:

200

"Sure in my weary affliction a deep soft trance overcame me!

Would that as gentle a death pure Artemis willed to vouchsafe me

Now on the spot! No more would mourning and grief in my spirit

Wither the days of my life, as I wail for my well-loved husband's

Manifold courage and skill, who was peerless among the Achaeans."

205

Spake, and began to descend from her glistering upper apartment;

Neither alone did she go: two handmaids followed behind her.

Now when at last she had come to the suitors, that fairest of women

Stood by the post of the door of the massively builded apartment,

Holding in front of her cheeks soft folds of her glistering head-dress,

210

While to the right and the left stood one of her faithful attendants.

Straight were loosened the knees of the men, and enraptured by passion

Each one uttered a prayer to the gods to possess her in marriage.

Then to her well-loved son, prince Telemachus, she addressed her:

"Telemachus, no more is thy mind and thy thought to be trusted.

215

E'en as a boy in thy thoughts thou wast guided with greater discretion.

Now thou art grown so tall and art come to the measure of manhood,

So that a stranger beholding thy beauty of person and stature

Sure would deem thee a son of a wealthy and fortunate father;

Yet no more is thy mind and thy judgment right as aforetime.

220

Lo, what deed thou hast caused to be wrought in the hall of thy palace,

Thus permitting a stranger to suffer injurious usage!

How if the stranger, who here as a guest in the home of thy fathers

Quietly sat, some damage received from his grievous maltreatment?

Thine were wholly the shame and disgrace in the judgment of all men."

225

Her sage Telemachus addressing in turn gave answer:

"Mother, I take it amiss nowise that herein thou art angered.

Well am I able within me to reason, and well to distinguish

Better from worse. Ere now it was merely unreasoning childhood.

Still, all things to contrive as is wise I am wholly unable,

230

Ever distraught by the presence of those who on this and on that side

Urge me with evil intent; nor is any at hand to assist me.

Touching howbeit the fight of the stranger with Irus, it happened

Not by the will of the suitors; and also he proved him the stronger.

Ay and by Father Zeus and Athena and Phoebus Apollo,

235

Would that the suitors themselves e'en thus in the halls of my homestead

Utterly crushed were wagging the head—some out in the courtyard,

Others inside of the house—with the joints all loosed in their bodies,

Even as Irus the beggar anigh to the gate of the courtyard

Sitteth and waggeth his head, just like to a man that is drunken ;

240

Neither erect on his feet is he able to stand, nor betake him

Homeward (if home he possess) since every joint is unloosened."

Thus did the mother and son hold converse the one with the other.

Then spake Eurymachus and addressed him to Penelopeia :

"Daughter of Icarius, O wise-souled Penelopeia,

245

Could now all the Achaeans in Iasan Argos behold thee,

Far more suitors, I trow, would feast in the hall of thy palace

E'en from the dawn of the morrow—for verily far thou excellest

Every woman in beauty and stature and inward discernment."

Him straightway gave answer the wise-souled Penelopeia:

250

"Eurymachus, if indeed I excelled in the beauty of person,

All was destroyed by the gods when the Argives, sailing for Troyland,

Mounted the vessels with whom went also Odysseus my husband.

O that he came once more and had care of my life as aforetime!

Thus were fairer my fame, and my lot more happy; for alway

255

Now am I sad; such woes hath a deity sent to assail me.

Yae and I mind, on the day that he went and was leaving his homeland,

Tenderly clasping my hand by the wrist these words he addressed me :

'Listen, my wife! for I trow of the well-greaved sons of Achaea

Nowise all shall return unscathed from the land of the Trojans,

260

Seeing they say that the Trojans themselves are famous as fighters,

Whether at hurling the spear or at launching a bolt from the bowstring,

Yea and as chariot-drivers of fleet-paced horses—and war-cars

Ever decide most swiftly the turn of a dubious conflict.

Therefore I know not if heaven will save me, or dooms me to perish

265

There in the country of Troy. So, carefully see to the household.

Mindfully tend in the halls of the palace my father and mother

Even as now—nay, still more mindfully while I am absent.

Cometh the day that thy son as a bearded man thou beholdest,

Then shalt thou marry whomever thou willst, and relinquish thy homestead.'

270

Such was the word that he spake, and it all now findeth fulfilment.

Come shall the night that will force me to face a detestable marriage,

Ah unfortunate one, whose happiness heaven hath ruined!

Also a grief right sore hath befallen my heart and my spirit :

This was a habit, I trow, ne'er practised by suitors aforetime.

275

Those that will sue for a woman of worth and a rich man's daughter

Wishing to woo her to wife and competing the one with another,

Ever themselves bring cattle and fat-fed sheep for a banquet

Unto the friends of the maiden, and offer her glorious love-gifts;

Nor do they eat with impunity thus the possessions of others."

280

So did she speak, and it joyed long-suffering godlike Odysseus

While she was coaxing a gift from the men and beguiling their spirits

Thus with her winsome words, though things far other she longed for.

Then spake Antinous, Eupeithes' son, and addressed her :

"Daughter of Icarius, O wise-souled Penelopeia,

285

Truly if any Achaean is willing to send for a present,

Gifts thou shalt have—and indeed 'twere wrong to refuse to receive them.

Yet—not a man of us all shall depart to his homestead or elsewhere

Ere thou art wed to the man who is best of the noble Achaeans."

Thus spake Antinous, and his words pleased all of the others.

290

Forthwith each commanded a henchman to go for a present.

Antinous had a robe both ample and beautiful brought him,

Richly embroidered; with brooches, a dozen in all, it was fastened,

Fashioned of gold, and with clasps well-bent were fitted the brooches.

Eurynomus soon after they brought a magnificent necklace,

295

Golden and beaded with amber that shone as the sun in his glory.

Then prince Eurydamas two earrings received by his henchman

Triple with pendants of mulberry colour and wonderful lustre.

Back from the house of Pisander the chieftain, the son of Polyctor,

Carried his servant a necklet—a jewel of exquisite beauty.

300

Likewise all of the others received some beautiful present.

Then to her upper apartment ascended the fairest of women,

While at her side were borne by her maidens the glorious love-gifts.

Now did the suitors again to the pleasure of dancing and singing

Turn to delight them, intending to stay till the coming of even;

305

Nor was the rout at an end when the darkness of even descended.

Then forthwith to the hall three braziers bringing they set them

There as a light, and around them they laid dry faggots of fuel,

Long since seasoned and ready to blaze, new split with the hatchet.

Pine-brands too they inserted, and maidens alternately fed them,

310

Thralls of the patient Odysseus himself; and to these he addressed him,

Even the Zeus-born prince, their master, the wily Odysseus:

"Maids, whose lord is Odysseus—although so long he is absent—

Go to the chamber wherein your honoured lady abideth,

There by her side ye can twist with the spindle the yarn, or delight her

315

Sitting together within her apartment and carding the sheep-wool.

Leave me alone—I will see to the lights for the whole of the party.

E'en if they wish to remain till the coming of fair-throned Morning

None shall be able to beat me, I trow. I am full of endurance."

Thus did he speak; but they laughed, as they looked each one at the other.

320

Then right shamefully chid him the fair-cheeked maiden Melantho,

Dolius' daughter—but Penelopeia had nourished and reared her

E'en as her child, and had given her toys to her soul's satisfaction;

Yet was her heart untouched by the sorrows of Penelopeia,

Yea and to Eurymachus she had given her love and her honour.

325

This was the one that with words of abuse accosted Odysseus :

"Wretched, impertinent tramp, thou art surely bereft of thy senses.

Get thee away from the palace, and go to a smithy and sleep there,

Or to a tavern, instead of annoying us here with thy prating!

Ay, in the presence of princes thou prat'st, with thy impudent spirit

330

All unabashed. Is it wine that has got to thy wits? or, it may be,

Such is the bent of thy mind, to be always foolishly blabbing.

Crazy methinks thou art gone through conquering Irus the vagrant.

Have but a care for I fear that a better than Irus arising

Soon will be cuffing thy pate with his sinewy hands and will hunt thee

335

Out of the bounds of the palace, with blood all richly bedabbled."

Glaring askance at the maid deep-plotting Odysseus addressed her :

"Forthwith Telemachus shall be told what thou sayest, thou hussy!

Straight I shall go to him—straight; and at once he will cut thee in pieces."

Thus did he speak. At his words in alarm fled all of the women

340

Hurrying out of the hall, their knee-joints loosened with terror,

Quaking affrighted because they believed he had spoken in earnest.

Then to the lights he attended, and nigh to the glow of the braziers

Stationed himself, and he gazed at the rout; but the heart in his bosom

Pondered on things far other, nor destined to fail of fulfilment.

345

Nowise willed it Athena to suffer the arrogant suitors

Still to refrain from insulting contempt, for she wished the resentment

Deeper to sink in the heart of Odysseus the son of Laertes.

Then made Eurymachus, prince Polybus' son, a beginning,

Jeering in scorn at Odysseus and setting his fellows a-laughing:

350

"List to my words, O suitors of far-famed Penelopeia,

While that I utter a thing that the heart in my bosom enjoins me!

Sure it was heaven that guided this tramp to the house of Odysseus !

Leastways so it appeareth to me, for a beacon of pine-brands

There on his head is alight! He hath never a hair—not the least one!"

355

Spake, and withal to Odysseus, the sacker of cities, he turned him :

"Stranger, in case thou art willing to serve, come say, shall I take thee

Up to an inland farm (I can offer thee wages sufficient),

There to collect me the stones for the walls and to plant me the fruit-trees?

There, too, bread I am willing to give in unfailing abundance,

360

Also to keep thee in dress and with shoes for thy feet to provide thee.

Since however a right bad trade thou hast learnt, thou wilt never

Willingly set thee to work, for the tramping and begging is doubtless

More to thy mind, and to batten on doles his insatiate belly."

Him then in answer addressed these words deep-plotting Odysseus:

365

“Eurymachus, would only we twain had a trial of labour,

Late in the season of spring, when the days grow longer and longer,

Even a trial of grass, I holding a well-bent sickle,

Thou with a like, that we each might vie with the other at mowing,

Fasting till late in the gloom, with a crop right heavy before us.

370

Else let them give us a team to be driven—the strongest of oxen,

Tawny of colour and mighty in bulk, well sated with fodder,

Equal in age and in bearing the yoke, and of strength unexhausted—

Give us a field four-acred with soil that will yield to the ploughshare,

Then thou'dst see if the furrow I cut is a clean and a straight one.

375

Else let a war be awakened by Zeus whencever he willeth

Even to-morrow, and give me a shield and a couple of lances,

Give me a helmet of bronze, well-fitted to cover my temples,

Then thou'dst see me amidst of the foremost ranks of the fighters,

Neither again thou'dst talk with a scornful contempt of my belly.

380

Yea, in thy pride thou art utterly wanton—thy heart is unfeeling—

While in thy folly thou deemest thyself some mighty and great one,

Since it is only with men right weak thou consortest and cowards.

O that Odysseus returned! that he came once more to his homeland!

Soon thou'dst find that the doors, though verily broad is the doorway,

385

Prove too strait for thy flight, as thou hurriest out of the portal."

Thus did he speak; but the man with a heart more maddened to fury

Glared at Odysseus askance and with swift-winged words he addressed him :

"Ah, thou impertinent wretch, I'll punish thee soon for thy prating!

Ay, in the presence of princes thou prat'st, with thy impudent spirit

390

All unabashed. Is it wine that has got to thy wits? or, it may be,

Such is the bent of thy mind to be always foolishly blabbing.

Crazy methinks thou art gone through conquering Irus the vagrant."

Loudly he uttered the words, and he seized on a stool—but Odysseus

Turning to Amphinomus sank down by the knees of the chieftain,

395

Fearing the blow; and he cast and the footstool smote on the right hand

One that was bearing the wine, and the bowl to the ground with a clatter

Crash'd, and the youth with a groan on his back in the dust was extended.

Straight in the shadowy halls was a clamour aroused by the suitors,

While each looked in the face of another anigh him exclaiming:

400

"Would that this tramp of a stranger had elsewhere met his perdition

Ere he had come to the palace to cause such tumult and uproar.

Lo, we're quarrelling over a tramp; all joy in the banquet

Now will be utterly spoilt, for nought but unpleasantness reigneth."

Then spake Telemachus and with words right royal addressed them:

405

"Sirs, ye appear to be mad. No more your conduct conceals it

How ye partook of the food and the wine. Some demon excites you.

Now, if enough he has feasted, let each go sleep at his homestead—

Nay, he shall go when he wills; I will drive no guest from my palace."

Thus did he speak, and the men all biting their lips in amazement

410

Marvelled at Telemachus and the dauntless words he had uttered,

Till prince Amphinomus made answer and thus he addressed them

(Famed was the prince, and his father was son of Aretias, Nisus):

"Listen, my friends: when the word that is spoken is spoken with justice,

None should surely be wroth with the speaker and answer in anger.

415

Neither maltreat, I beseech you, the stranger or other soever,

None of the drudges that serve in the palace of godlike Odysseus.

Come, let the bearer of wine now prime for libation the goblets,

Then let us pour and return for the night each one to his homestead.

Touching the stranger, I vote in the halls of Odysseus to leave him.

420

Telemachus can befriend him, for his was the house that he came to."

Thus did he speak, and his word seemed pleasant to all of the others.

So was a bowl made ready of wine; lord Mulius mixed it,

Herald of Dulichium, who on Amphinomus was attendant.

Then to them all he dispensed it in turn, and they made a libation

425

Unto the blesséd immortals and drank of the wine honey-hearted.

After libation and drinking as much as their spirits enjoined them

Straight they departed to lay them to sleep each one in his homestead.

New Alexandria Commentaries

Gregory Nagy

In Rhapsody 18, Odysseus as a make-believe beggar is challenged by a most questionable character named Iros, who figures as a real beggar. What makes Iros so questionable is his similarity to characters who figure in a poetic form that can best be described as mock epic.

draft js image error “Ulysses Preparing to Fight with Irus” (1805). John Flaxman (English, 1755–1826) Purchased as part of the Oppé Collection with assistance from the National Lottery through the Heritage Lottery Fund 1996. Image via the Tate.

source

Here the reference to mōlos ‘struggle’ is comic, in that the fight between Odysseus and Iros is a mock struggle, not serious fighting that befits epic, as in the case of mōlos Arēos ‘struggle of Ares’, analyzed in the comment at I.02.401.

source

Syntactically, the premise here reinforces the probability of the wish. See also the comments on O.14.440–441 and O.15.341–342.

source

Leonard Muellner

in a list of examples of the functional relationship between eukhesthai and phanai (in the context of analyzing genos eukhesthai einai formulas)

source

Homer Odyssey 18.206

A. T. Murray (Translator)

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ODYSSEY BOOK XVIII

PATTEN WILSON
ODYSSEUS AND IRUS

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Search the Perseus Catalog for:

Search the Perseus Catalog for:

Current edition Perseus

PENELOPE

ODYSSEY BOOK XVIII

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ODYSSEUS AND IRUS