Plutarch, Aquane an ignis sit utilior, Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator), 7

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[7] Furthermore, though there are but four elements,¹ water provides from itself a fifth, so to say, the sea, one no less beneficial than the others, especially for commerce among other things. This element, therefore, when our life was savage and unsociable, linked it together and made it complete, redressing defects by mutual assistance and exchange and so bringing about co-operation and friendship. Now Heraclitus² declares, If there were no sun, it would be perpetual night; in the same way we may say that if there were no sea, man would be the most savage and destitute of all creatures. But as it is, the sea brought the Greeks the vine from India, from Greece transmitted the use of grain across the sea, from Phoenicia imported letters as a memorial against forgetfulness,³ thus preventing the greater part of mankind from being wineless, grainless, and unlettered. How, then, should water not be more useful when it has the advantage over fire of one more element?⁴

Aquane an ignis sit utilior. Plutarch. Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1957.

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Current edition Perseus

Whether fire or water is most useful (English) (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. XII. Cherniss, Harold, and Helmbold, William C., translators. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1957 (printing).)

Editions (1)

Περὶ τοῦ πότερον ὕδωρ ἢ πῦρ χρησιμώτερον Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol. VI. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1895.) — 7 focus

[7] καὶ μήν, τεττάρων ὄντων τῶν στοιχείων, τὸ ὕδωρ ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πέμπτον, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, πεποίηκε 957a στοιχεῖον τὴν θάλασσαν, οὐδὲν ἧττον ἐκείνων ὠφέλιμον τῶν τʼ ἄλλων ἕνεκεν καὶ μάλιστα τῆς ἐπιμιξίας· 5 ἄγριον οὖν ἡμῶν ὄντα καὶ ἀσύμβολον τὸν βίον τοῦτο τὸ στοιχεῖον συνῆψε καὶ τέλειον ἐποίησε, διορθούμενον ταῖς παρʼ ἀλλήλων ἐπικουρίαις καὶ ἀντιδόσεσι, κοινωνίαν δʼ ἐργαζόμενον καὶ φιλίαν. Ἡράκλειτος μὲν οὖν εἰ μὴ ἥλιος φησὶν ἦν, εὐφρόνη 10 ἂν ἦν ἔστι δʼ εἰπεῖν, ὡς, εἰ μὴ θάλαττα ἦν, πάντων ἂν ἀγριώτατον ζῷον κἀνδεέστατον ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἦν. νυνὶ δὲ τοῦτο μὲν παρʼ Ἰνδῶν ἄμπελον 957b τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ἐκ δὲ τῆς Ἑλλάδος καρπῶν χρῆσιν τοῖς ἐπέκεινα τῆς θαλάσσης ἔδωκεν, ἐκ Φοινίκης 15 δὲ γράμματα μνημόσυνα λήθης ἐκόμισεν, ἄοινον δὲ καὶ ἄκαρπον καὶ ἀπαίδευτον ἐκώλυσεν εἶναι τὸ πλεῖστον ἀνθρώπων γένος. πῶς οὖν οὐ χρησιμώτερον ὕδωρ στοιχείῳ περιττεῦον;

Translations (1)

Whether water or fire be most useful. Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. V. Goodwin, William W., editor; Fetherston, F., translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1874.) — 7 focus

[7] Then again, there being four elements, water produces a fifth out of itself, which is the sea, no less beneficial than the rest, as well for commerce as for many other things. So that it may be said, this element united and perfected our manner of living, which before was wild and unsociable, correcting it by mutual assistance, and creating community of friendship by reciprocal exchanges of one good turn for another. And as Heraclitus said, If there were no sun, it would be perpetual night; so may we say, If there were no sea, man would be the most savage and shameless of all creature. But the sea brought the vine from India into Greece, and out of Greece transmitted the use of corn to foreign parts; from Phoenicia translated the knowledge of letters, the memorials that prevent oblivion; furnished the world with wine and fruit, and prevented the greatest part of mankind from being illiterate and void of education. How is it possible then but that water should be the most useful, when it thus furnishes us with an entirely new element?

Notes on the current edition

Whether fire or water is most useful

1. Cf. Mor. 948 d above; in 729 b the sea is called the naturally hostile element.

2. Diels-Kranz, Frag. der Vorsok. i. 173, frag. B 99. In Mor. 98 c a fuller and more appropriate version is given; but see now H. Fränkel, Wege und Formen, p. 270 and n. 1.

3. Cf. Euripides, frag. 578 (p. 542 Nauck).

4. For this delightful absurdity see Sandbach, op. cit. p. 199, n. 4.

Plutarch Aquane an ignis sit utilior 7

Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator)

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