Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator), 24

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[24] Why have they in the month three beginnings or fixed points, and do not adopt the same interval of days between them?

Is it, as Juba¹ and his followers relate, that on the Kalends the officials used to call² the people and announce the Nones for the fifth day thereafter, regarding the Ides as a holy day?

Or is it rather because, since they measured time by the phases of the moon, they observed that in each month the moon undergoes three very important changes: first, when she is hidden by her conjunction with the sun: second, when she has escaped the sun’s rays and becomes visible for the first time at sunset; and third, at the full moon, when her orb is completely round? The disappearance and concealment of the moon they call Kalendae, for everything concealed or secretis clam, and to be concealed is celari.³ The first appearance of the moon they call Nones, the most accurate since it is the new moon: for their word for new and novel is the same as ours.⁴ They name the Ides as they do either because of the beauty and form ( eidos) of the full-orbed moon, or by derivation from a title of Jupiter.⁵ But we must not follow out the most exact calculation of the number of days nor cast aspersions on approximate reckoning; since even now, when astronomy has made so much progress, the irregularity of the moon’s movements is still beyond the skill of mathematicians, and continues to elude their calculations.⁶

Quaestiones Romanae. Plutarch. Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1936.

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Current edition Perseus

The Roman Questions (English) (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. IV. Babbitt, Frank Cole, translator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1936 (printing).)

Editions (2)

Αἴτια Ῥωμαϊκά Perseus (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. IV. Babbitt, Frank Cole, editor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1936 (printing).) — 24 focus

[24] διὰ τί τρεῖς τοῦ μηνὸς ἀρχὰς καὶ προθεσμίας ἔχουσιν, οὐ ταὐτὸ διάστημα τῶν ἡμερῶν μεταξὺ λαμβάνοντες;

269c πότερον, ὡς οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰόβαν ἱστοροῦσιν, ὅτι ταῖς καλάνδαις ἐκάλουν τὸν δῆμον οἱ ἄρχοντες καὶ κατήγγελλον εἰς πέμπτην τὰς νώνας, ¹ εἰδοὺς δʼ ἡμέραν ἱερὰν ἐνόμιζον;

ἢ μᾶλλον ὅτι ταῖς τῆς σελήνης διαφοραῖς ὁρίζοντες τὸν χρόνον, ἑώρων ἐν τρισὶ γιγνομένην διαφοραῖς τὴν σελήνην κατὰ μῆνα ταῖς μεγίσταις, πρώτῃ μὲν ὅτε κρύπτεται σύνοδον ποιησαμένη πρὸς ἥλιον, δευτέρᾳ ² δʼ ὅταν ἐκφυγοῦσα τὰς αὐγὰς τοῦ ἡλίου καταφανὴς πρῶτον ἐπὶ δυσμῶν γένηται, τρίτῃ δὲ τῇ περὶ τὴν πλήρωσιν αὐτῆς πανσελήνου 269d γενομένης ³; ὀνομάζουσι δὲ τὸν μὲν ἀφανισμὸν αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν κρύψιν καλάνδας, ὅτι πᾶν τὸ κρύφα καὶ λάθρα κλάμ καὶ κηλάρι ⁴ τὸ λανθάνειν· τὴν δὲ πρώτην φάσιν ⁵ νώνας ⁶ τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων, νουμηνίαν οὖσαν· καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ τὸ νέον καὶ καινὸν ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς προσαγορεύουσι· τὰς δʼ εἰδοὺς ἢ διὰ τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὸ εἶδος ὁλοκλήρου καθισταμένης τῆς σελήνης ἢ τῷ Διὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ἀποδιδόντες. ⁷ οὐ δεῖ δὲ τῶν ἡμερῶν τὸν ἀκριβέστατον ἀριθμὸν διώκειν οὐδὲ τὸ ⁸ παρʼ ὀλίγον συκοφαντεῖν, ὅπου καὶ νῦν ἐπίδοσιν τοσαύτην ἀστρολογίας ἐχούσης, περιγίγνεται τῆς ἐμπειρίας τῶν μαθηματικῶν ἡ τῆς κινήσεως ἀνωμαλία διαφεύγουσα τὸν λόγον.

Κεφαλαίων καταγραφή Ῥωμαϊκά Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol IΙ. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1889.) — 24 focus

[24] διὰ τί τρεῖς τοῦ μηνὸς ἀρχὰς καὶ προθεσμίας ἔχουσιν, οὐ ταὐτὸ διάστημα τῶν ἡμερῶν μεταξὺ 5 λαμβάνοντες; πότερον ὡς οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰόβαν ¹ 269c ἱστοροῦσιν ὅτι ταῖς καλάνδαις ἐκάλουν τὸν δῆμον οἱ ἄρχοντες καὶ κατήγγελλον εἰς πέμπτην τὰς νόννας, εἰδοὺς δʼ ἡμέραν ἱερὰν ἐνόμιζον· ἢ μᾶλλον ὅτι ταῖς τῆς σελήνης διαφοραῖς ὁρίζοντες τὸν χρόνον, 10 ἑώρων ἐν τρισὶ γιγνομένην διαφοραῖς τὴν σελήνην κατὰ μῆνα ταῖς μεγίσταις, πρώτῃ ² μὲν ὅτε κρύπτεται σύνοδον ποιησαμένη πρὸς ἥλιον, δευτέρᾳ δʼ ὅταν ἐκφυγοῦσα τὰς αὐγὰς τοῦ ἡλίου καταφανὴς πρῶτον ἐπὶ δυσμῶν γένηται, τρίτῃ δὲ τῇ περὶ τὴν 15 πλήρωσιν αὐτῆς πανσελήνου γενομένης; ³ ὀνομάζουσι 269d δὲ τὸν μὲν ἀφανισμὸν αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν κρύψιν καλάνδας, ὅτι πᾶν τὸ κρύφα καὶ λάθρα κλάμ καὶ κηλᾶρε τὸ λανθάνειν· τὴν δὲ πρώτην φάσιν ⁴ νόννας τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων, νουμηνίαν οὖσαν· 20 καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ τὸ νέον καὶ καινὸν ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς προσαγορεύουσι· τὰς δʼ εἰδούς ἢ διὰ τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὸ εἶδος ὁλοκλήρου καθισταμένης τῆς σελήνης ἢ τῷ Διὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ἀποδιδόντες. οὐ δεῖ δὲ τῶν ἡμερῶν τὸν ἀκριβέστατον ἀριθμὸν διώκειν οὐδὲ τῷ 25 παρʼ ὀλίγον συκοφαντεῖν, ὅπου καὶ νῦν ἐπίδοσιν τοσαύτην ἀστρολογίας ἐχούσης, περιγίγνεται τῆς ἐμ πειρίας τῶν μαθηματικῶν ἡ τῆς κινήσεως ἀνωμαλία διαφεύγουσα τὸν λόγον. 269e

Translations (1)

Roman Questions Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. II. Goodwin, William W., editor; Chauncy, Isaac translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company; Cambridge: Press of John Wilson and Son, 1874.) — 24 focus

[24]

Question 24.

Why have they three beginnings and appointed periods in the months which have not the same interval of days between?

Solution. What if it be this (as Juba writes), that on the Kalends the magistrates called ( καλεῖν) the people, and proclaimed the Nones for the fifth, while the Ides they esteemed an holy day? Or rather that they who define time by the variations of the moon have observed that the moon comes under three greatest variations monthly; the first is when it is obscured, making a conjunction with the sun; the second is when it gets out of the rays of the sun and makes her first appearance after the sun is down; the third is at her fulness, when it is full moon. They call her disappearance and obscurity the Kalends, for every thing hid and privy they call clam, and celare is to hide. The first appearance they call the Nones, by a most fit notation of names, it being the new moon (novilunium); for they call it new moon as we do. Ides are so called either by reason of the fairness and clear form ( εἶδος) of the moon standing forth in her complete splendor, or from the name of Jupiter ( Διός). But in this matter we are not to search for the exact number of days, nor to abuse this approximate mode of reckoning; seeing that even at this day, when the science of astronomy has made so great increase, the inequality of the motion and course of the moon surpasseth all experience of mathematicians and cannot be reduced to any certain rule of reason.

Notes on the current edition

The Roman Questions

1. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.

2. Cf. Old Latin calare, equated with Greek καλεῖν by Plutarch and by other writers.

3. Much is made of Plutarch’s mistake in equating celare (mss.) with λανθάνειν rather than with κρύπτειν, but the mistake is more likely that of a scribe.

4. This is true etymologically; but is Plutarch thinking of the syllable nou in νουμηνία and nouus?

5. Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 15. 14, where it is stated that Idus is derived from the Etruscan Itis, said to mean Iovis fiducia.

6. Cf. Life of Aristides, chap. xix. (331 a).

Plutarch Quaestiones Romanae 24

Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator)

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Question 24.

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