Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War 5.71

[1] Whilst they were yet marching up, Agis, the king thought of this course. All armies do thus. In the conflict they extend their right wing so as it cometh in upon the flank of the left wing of the enemy: and this happeneth for that every one, through fear, seeketh all he can to cover his unarmed side with the shield of him that standeth next to him on his right hand, conceiving that to be so locked together is their best defence. The beginning hereof is in the leader of the first file on the right hand, who ever striving to shift his unarmed side from the enemy, the rest upon like fear follow after. And at this time, the Mantineans in the right wing had far encompassed the Sciritae;

[2] and the Lacedaemonians on the other side, and the Tegeats, were come in yet further upon the flank of the Athenians, by as much as they had the greater army.

[3] Wherefore Agis, fearing lest his left wing should be encompassed, and supposing the Mantineans to be come in far, signified unto the Sciritae and Brasideians to draw out part of their bands, and therewith to equalise their left wing to the right wing of the Mantineans; and into the void space he commanded to come up Hipponoidas and Aristocles, two colonels, with their bands out of the right wing, and to fall in there and make up the breach, conceiving that more than enough would still be remaining in their right wing, and that the left wing opposed to the Mantineans would be the stronger.

[1] Just before the battle joined, King Agis resolved upon the following manoeuvre. All armies are alike in this: on going into action they get forced out rather on their right wing, and one and the other overlap with this their adversary's left; because fear makes each man do his best to shelter his unarmed side with the shield of the man next him on the right, thinking that the closer the shields are locked together the better will he be protected. The man primarily responsible for this is the first upon the right wing, who is always striving to withdraw from the enemy his unarmed side; and the same apprehension makes the rest follow him.

[2] On the present occasion the Mantineans reached with their wing far beyond the Sciritae, and the Lacedaemonians and Tegeans still farther beyond the Athenians, as their army was the largest.

[3] Agis afraid of his left being surrounded, and thinking that the Mantineans outflanked it too far, ordered the Sciritae and Brasideans to move out from their place in the ranks and make the line even with the Mantineans, and told the Polemarchs Hipponoidas and Aristocles to fill up the gap thus formed, by throwing themselves into it with two companies taken from the right wing; thinking that his right would still be strong enough and to spare, and that the line fronting the Mantineans would gain in solidity.

¹ Erst während schon beide Heere auf einander losgingen,
entschloß sich der König Agis zu folgender Maßregel. Bei allen
Heeren nämlich kommt es vor, daß beim Zusammenstoße die rechten
Flügel sich mehr in die Länge dehnen, und so Beide mit ihrem rechten
Flügel über den linken der Gegner hinausreichen, weil Jeder aus
Furcht seine ungedeckte (rechte) Seite dem Schilde seines
Nebenmannes zur Rechten möglichst nahe zu bringen sucht, und weil Alle
glauben, daß der gedrängte Anschluß den besten Schutz gewähre. Die
erste Veranlassung hiezu gibt der Flügelmann des rechten
Flügels, der immer seine Blöße dem Feinde zu entziehen sucht, und
die Andern machen es ihm nach, weil Alle dasselbe fürchten. Damals
nun überflügelten die Mantineer die Skiriten um Vieles, und noch
mehr die Lakedämonier und Tegeaten die Athener, da ja auch ihr Heer
zahlreicher war. Da besorgte nun Agis, sein linker Flügel möchte
eingeschlossen werden, und in der Meinung, die Mantineer ragten zu
weit über, befahl er den Skiriten und den Soldaten des Brasidas,
weiter hinaus zu rücken und sich mit der Stellung der Mantineer
auszugleichen; und in die so entstandene Lücke befahl er zwei
Unterfeldherrn vom rechten Flügel, dem Hipponoldas und dem Aristokles,
mit ihren Abtheilungen einzurücken und sie auszufüllen; denn seinen
rechten Flügel hielt er auch so noch für überlegen, und die Aufstellung
gegenüber den Mantineern werde auf diese Weise sicherer sein.

LXXI. — Avant qu’on se fût encore abordé, voici ce qu’imagina Agis. Il arrive, en général, dans toute armée, qu’au moment de l’attaque, on s’appuie sur l’aile droite et que de part et d’autre on déborde la gauche de l’ennemi. Cela tient à ce que chacun, par ¹ crainte, s’efforce d’effacer autant que possible la partie découverte de son corps derrière le bouclier de son voisin de droite ² ; on se figure d’ailleurs qu’en se pressant ainsi, sans laisser aucun vide, on est mieux à couvert. Le chef de file de l’aile droite devient la cause première de ce désordre, en manoeuvrant incessamment de manière à dérober à l’ennemi la partie découverte de son corps ³ ; la même préoccupation fait que les autres le suivent. Dans cette journée, les Mantinéens débordèrent de beaucoup les scirites; mais les Lacédomoniens et les Tégéates débordèrent hien plus encore les Athéniens, leur armée étant plus nombreuse. Agis, craignant que sa gauche ne fût enveloppée, et trouvant que les Mantinéens la débordaient par trop, ordonna aux scirites et aux soldats de Brasidas de se séparer du corps de bataille et de se porter à gauche de manière à faire face aux Mantinéens sur toute la ligne. Pour remplir l’espace laissé vide, il ordonna aux polémarques Hipponoïdas et Aristoclès de se détacher de la droite avec deux lochos et de venir occuper l’intervalle; il pensait que de cette manière sa droite serait encore suffisamment garnie, et que l’aile opposée aux Mantinéens tiendrait avec plus d’avantage.

On était encore en marche, lorsque le roi Agis employa la manoeuvre suivante. En général, dans les rencontres, les armées sont sujettes à obliquer sur la droite, en sorte que, de part et d’autre, on déborde la gauche de l’ennemi. Cela tient à ce que chacun tâche instinctivement d’abriter la partis démasquée de son corps derrière le bouclier de son voisrâ, et qu’on espère être mieux protégé en ne laissant aucun vide. Cette déviation est occasionnée par le guide de droite, qui cherche toujours à dérober aux ennemis le flanc non couvert par le bouclier; les autres suivent par l’effet de la même crainte· En cette journée, les Mantinéens débordaient de beaucoup Fade des Scirites, tandis que les Lacédémoniens et les Tégéates, vn leurs supériorité numérique, débordaient encore plus les Athéniens. Agis, craignant donc que sa gauche Ue fût tournée, et trouvant que les Mantinéens s’étendaient trop, enjoignit aux Scirites et aux soldats de Brasidas de se détacher du corps de bataille pour aller se placer en face des Mantinéens. En même temps il prescrivit aux polémarques Hipponoïdas et Aristoelès de prendre deux bataillons et de fermer la brèche. H pensait que sa droite n’en serait pas trop affaiblie et que l’aile opposée aux Mantinéens gagnerait en solidité.

[1] But while they were still closing, King Agis resolved to make the following manoeuvre. All armies are apt, on coming together, to thrust out their right wing too much; and both sides extend with their right beyond their opponents' left wing, because in their fear each man brings his uncovered side as close as possible to the shield of the man stationed on his right, thinking that the closer the shields are locked together the better is the protection. And it is the first man on the right wing who is primarily responsible for this, since he always wants to withdraw from the enemy his own uncovered side, and the rest, from a like fear, follow his example.

[2] And so on this occasion the Mantineans extended with their right wing far beyond the Sciritae; and the Lacedaemonians and Tegeates further still beyond the Athenians, inasmuch as their army was larger.

[3] So Agis, in fear that his left might be encircled, and thinking that the Mantineans were extending too far beyond it, gave orders to the Sciritae and the soldiers of Brasidas to move out, away from his main body, and make the line equal to that of the Mantineans; then he directed two polemarchs, Hipponoïdas and Aristocles, to cross over with two companies from the right wing, throw themselves in and fill up the gap thus created, thinking that his own right wing would still have more than enough men, and that the line opposed to the Mantineans would be strengthened.

[1] While they were yet closing in battle, King Agis resolved to execute a manoeuvre, as follows. All armies, on going into battle, are forced out too much on their right wing; because the men, in their fear, each shelter, as far as possible, their exposed side with the shield of the man who is posted next to them on the right, and think that the closer they are locked together, the more effectually they are protected. The man who primarily gives occasion to this is he who stands first on the right wing, through wishing continually to withdraw from the enemy his own unarmed side; and the rest follow him under the influence of the same fear.

[2] And so, on that occasion, the Mantineans reached with their wing far beyond the Sciritae, and the Lacedaemonians and Tegeans farther still beyond the Athenians, inasmuch as their army was larger than theirs.

[3] Agis therefore, being afraid that their left might be surrounded, and thinking that the Mantineans were extending too far beyond it, gave orders for the Sciritae and Brasidean soldiers to advance from their position with a part of their number, and equalize their line to that of the Mantineans; while into the void thus created he ordered Hipponoidas and Aristocles, two of the polemarchs, to move over from the right wing with their lochi, and by throwing themselves into it to fill it up; thinking that their own right would still have an abundance of strength, and that the line opposite the Mantineans would be formed the more firmly.

[1] Interea vero dum acies adhuc congrediuntur, rex Agis hujusmodi ratione uti constituit. Omnes enim exercitus hoc faciunt, ut in ipso conflictu in dextra cornua magis properent et utrique suo dextro cornu sinistrum hostium sibi oppositum circumveniant, quia singuli sibi metuentes nudas corporis partes quam maxime admovere student clypeo illius, qui ad dextram suam in acie collocatus est, student, et existimant, istam conjunctionis densitatem adyersus hostium irruptionem esse tutissimam; atque hujus causae initium nascitur ab eo, qui primus stat in dextro cornu, assidue studens, nudam sui corporis partem hostibus subducere, et propter eundem melum ceteri quoque eunt sequuntur.

[2] Itaque tunc Mantinei quidem suo dextrO cornu sinistrum Sciritarum multum circumvenerunt, Lacedaemonii vero et Tegeatae multo magis sinistrum Atheniensium cornu, quo majorem exercitum habebant.

[3] Agis igitur veritus, ne sinistrum suorum cornu circumdaretur, et existimans, Mantineos aciem valde exporrectam habere ad suos circumveniendum , Sciritis et Brasidianis imperavit, ut longius a se ad sinistram exporrecti suum cornu Mantineis exaequarent; Hipponoidae vero et AristocJi polemarchis praecepit, ut in medium spatium vacuum, quod ita oriebatur, cum duobus lochis ex dextro cornu transirent et iis interpositis locum explerent, existimans et dextrum suorum cornu vel sic satis magnam militum copiam habiturum, et sinistrum, quod Mantineis erat oppositum, ita tutius constitutum fore.

Ora mentre che si muovevano all’afironto il re Agide pensò di fcrquesto.Tutti gli eserciti nell’aszuffarai si spingono principalmente sul corno destro prolungandolo ; e si l’una parte che l’altra tenta di sopravanzare col corno destro la fronte opposta del corno sinistro del nemico ; perchè tutti per la paura cercano di proteggere al più possibile là parte sua scoperta collo scudo di chi gli sta accanto a destra, e credono che il serrarsi fitti insieme sia il miglior modo di ripararsi. Quegli che dà motivo di far questo è il soldato primo del corno destro, il quale studiandosi di sottrar sempre al nemico il fianco inerme fa sì che gli altri per la medesima paura lo seguono. Allora pertanto i Mantineesi col corno loro sopravanzavano d’assai gli Scinti; e i Lacedemoni e i Tegeati sopravanzavano anche pii gli Ateniesi in quanto avevano più numeroso esercito. Laonde Agide, parendogli che i Mantineesi si fossero troppo slungati, e temendo che il corno de’suoi non ne venisse circondato, ordinò agli Sciriti ed ai brasidiani di partirsi dal loro posto, e pareggiare di fronte i Mantineesi. E quanto allo spazio che restava vuoto, comandò ai due capitani Ipponoida e Aristocle che venissero avanti dal corno destro con due squadriglie ed ivi accorressero per riempirlo ; credendo che nondimeno sul suo corno destro resterebbero genti d’avanzo ; e che la parte opposta ai Mantineesi starebbe più ferma nella sua ordinanza.