Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War 7.57

[1] And this number on both sides, against Sicily and for it, some to help win and some to help save it, came to the war at Syracuse, not on any pretence of right nor as kindred to aid kindred, but as profit or necessity severally chanced to induce them. The Athenians, being Ionic, went against the Syracusians, that be Doric, voluntarily.

[2] With these, as being their colonies, went the Lemnians and Imbrians, and the Aeginetae that dwelt in Aegina then, all of the same language and institutions with themselves; also the Hestiaeans of Euboea. Of the rest, some went with them as their subjects and some as their free confederates and some also hired.

[3] Subjects and tributaries: as the Eretrians, Chalcideans, Styrians, and Carystians, from Euboea; Ceians, Andrians, Tenians, from out of the islands; Milesians, Samians, and Chians, from Ionia.

[4] Of these the Chians followed them as free, not as tributaries of money, but of galleys. And these were almost all of them Ionians, descended from the Athenians, except only the Carystians, that are of the nation of the Dryopes. And though they were subjects and went upon constraint, yet they were Ionians against Dorians. Besides these there went with them Aeolians, namely, the Methymnaeans, subjects to Athens, not tributaries of money but of galleys; and the Tenedians and Aenians, tributaries. Now here, Aeolians were constrained to fight against Aeolians, namely, against their founders the Boeotians, that took part with the Syracusians.

[5] But the Plataeans, and only they, being Boeotians, fought against Boeotians upon just quarrel. The Rhodians and Cythereans, Doric both, by constraint bore arms; one of them, namely the Cythereans, a colony of the Lacedaemonians, with the Athenians against the Lacedaemonians that were with Gylippus;

[6] and the other, that is to say, the Rhodians, being by descent Argives, not only against the Syracusians, who were also Doric, but against their own colony, the Geloans, which took part with the Syracusians. Then of the islanders about Peloponnesus, there went with them the Cephallenians and Zacynthians, not but that they were free states, but because they were kept in awe as islanders by the Athenians, who were masters of the sea.

[7] And the Corcyraeans, being not only Doric but Corinthians, fought openly against both Corinthians and Syracusians, though a colony of the one and of kin to the other, which they did necessarily (to make the best of it), but indeed no less willingly, in respect of their hatred to the Corinthians. Also the Messenians, now so called, in Naupactus, were taken along to this war, and the Messenians at Pylus, then holden by the Athenians.

[8] Moreover the Megarean outlaws, though not many, by advantage taken of their misery, were fain to fight against the Selinuntians that were Megareans likewise. But now the rest of their army was rather voluntary.

[9] The Argives not so much for the league as for their enmity against the Lacedaemonians and their present particular spleen, followed the Athenians to the war, though Ionic, against Dorians. And the Mantineans and other Arcadian mercenaries went with them as men accustomer ever to invade the enemy shewed them; and now for gain had for enemies, as much as any, those other Arcadians which went thither with the Corinthians. The Cretans and Aetolians were all mercenary; and it fell out that the Cretans, who together with the Rhodians were founders of Gela, not only took not part with their colony, but fought against it willingly for their hire. And some Acarnanians also went with them for gain;

[10] but most of them went as confederates, in love to Demosthenes and for good will to the state of Athens. And thus many within the bound of the Ionian gulf.

[11] Then of Italians, fallen into the same necessity of seditious times, there went with them to this war the Thurians and Metapontians; of Greek Sicilians, the Naxians and Catanaeans. Of barbarian, the Egestaeans, who also drew with them the most of those Greek Sicilians. Without Sicily, there went with them some Tuscans, upon quarrels between them and the Syracusians, and some Iapygian mercenaries. These were the nations that followed the army of the Athenians.

[1] The following were the states on either side who came to Syracuse to fight for or against Sicily , to help to conquer or defend the island. Right or community of blood was not the bond of union between them, so much as interest or compulsion as the case might be.

[2] The Athenians themselves being Ionians went against the Dorians of Syracuse of their own free will; and the peoples still speaking Attic and using the Athenian laws, the Lemnians, Imbrians, and Aeginetans, that is to say, the then occupants of Aegina , being their colonists, went with them. To these must be also added the Hestiaeans dwelling at Hestiaea in Euboea .

[3] Of the rest some joined in the expedition as subjects of the Athenians, others as independent allies, others as mercenaries.

[4] To the number of the subjects paying tribute belonged the Eretrians, Chalcidians, Styrians, and Carystians from Euboea ; the Ceans, Andrians, and Tenians from the islands; and the Milesians, Samians, and Chians from Ionia . The Chians, however, joined as independent allies, paying no tribute, but furnishing ships. Most of these were Ionians and descended from the Athenians, except the Carystians, who are Dryopes, and although subjects and obliged to serve, were still Ionians fighting against Dorians.

[5] Besides these there were men of Aeolic race, the Methymnians, subjects who provided ships, not tribute, and the Tenedians and Aenians who paid tribute. These Aeolians fought against their Aeolian founders, the Boeotians in the Syracusan army, because they were obliged, while the Plataeans, the only native Boeotians opposed to Boeotians, did so upon a just quarrel.

[6] Of the Rhodians and Cytherians, both Dorians, the latter, Lacedaemonian colonists, fought in the Athenian ranks against their Lacedaemonian countrymen with Gylippus; while the Rhodians, Argives by race, were compelled to bear arms against the Dorian Syracusans and their own colonists, the Geloans, serving with the Syracusans.

[7] Of the islanders round Peloponnese , the Cephallenians and Zacynthians accompanied the Athenians as independent allies, although their insular position really left them little choice in the matter, owing to the maritime supremacy of Athens , while the Corcyraeans, who were not only Dorians but Corinthians, were openly serving against Corinthians and Syracusans, although colonists of the former and of the same race as the latter, under color of compulsion, but really out of free will through hatred of Corinth .

[8] The Messenians, as they are now called in Naupactus and from Pylos , then held by the Athenians, were taken with them to the war. There were also a few Megarian exiles, whose fate it was to be now fighting against the Megarian Selinuntines.

[9] The engagement of the rest was more of a voluntary nature. It was less the league than hatred of the Lacedaemonians and the immediate private advantage of each individual that persuaded the Dorian Argives to join the Ionian Athenians in a war against Dorians; while the Mantineans and other Arcadian mercenaries, accustomed to go against the enemy pointed out to them at the moment, were led by interest to regard the Arcadians serving with the Corinthians as just as much their enemies as any others. The Cretans and Aetolians also served for hire, and the Cretans who had joined the Rhodians in founding Gela , thus came to consent to fight for pay against, instead of for, their colonists.

[10] There were also some Acarnanians paid to serve, although they came chiefly for love of Demosthenes and out of goodwill to the Athenians whose allies they were. These all lived on the Hellenic side of the Ionian gulf.

[11] Of the Italiots, there were the Thurians and Metapontines, dragged into the quarrel by the stern necessities of a time of revolution; of the Siceliots, the Naxians and the Catanians; and of the barbarians, the Egestaeans, who called in the Athenians, most of the Sicels, and outside Sicily some Tyrrhenian enemies of Syracuse and Iapygian mercenaries.

Dies nämlich ist die Zahl der Völker, welche um und für
Sieilien auf beiden Seiten den Syräkusischen Krieg mitmachten ,'--^
die Einen gekommen, um das Land erobern, die. Andern, um.es
vertheidigen zu helfen. Und nicht des Rechtes wegen oder nach Stamm-
verwandtshcaft hielten sie mit einander, sondern wie Jeden grade
zufällig der Nutzen oder Zwang dazu vermocht hatte. Die Athener
selbst zuerst, als Joner, gegen die Syrakusaner, als Dorer, waren
aus eigener Bewegung gekommen, und mit ihnen waren, gleicher
Sprache und gleicher Verfassung sich bedienend, ausgezogen ihre
Pflanzvölker, die Lemnier und Jmbrier und Aegineten, — hie näm- ¹
lich, welche damals 3") Aegina bewohnten, — und so auch die
Hestiäer, welche Hestia auf Euböa inne hatten. Die Uebrigen waren
theils Unterthanen, theils Bundesgenossen mit eigener Verfassung,
theils auch machten sie durch Löhnung sgedungen den Krieg mit.
Unterthanen und Zinspflichtige waren die Eretrier und' Chalkidier
und Styreer und Karystier, sämmtlich von Euböa; von den Jnselli
aber die Keer und Andrier und Taster, aus Jonien die Milefier und
Samier und Chier.> Die Chier jedoch waren nicht als Zinspflichtige
gefolgt, sondern hatten ihre eigene Verfassung und mußten nur Schiffe
stellen 2'). Diese Alle waren der Hauptmasse^) nach Joner uud
Pflanzvölker der Athener, mit Ausnahme der Karystier, und ihre
Unterthanen und folgten aus Zwang, immerhin jedoch als Joner
gegen Dorer. Dazu kamen Aeolischen Stammes die Methymnäer,
weiche, obgleich Unterthanen,nicht steuerplfichtig ^'waren, sondern
Schiffe zu stellen hatten, und die Tenedier und'Aenier als
ZinSpflichtige. Diese Aeoler kämpften aus Zwang gegen die Aeolischen
Böotier, ihr Muttervolk, die auf Seiten'der Syrakusaner fochten;
gegenüber aber kämpften unter allen Boötiern nur die Platäer
gegen Böotier, was bei ihrer Feindschaft natürlich ist. Ferner die
Rhodier und Kytherier, beide Dorischer Abkunft; diese, die
Kythetier, ein Pflanzvolk der Lakedämonier, fochten'also gegen
die'Lakedämonier.unter Gylippos auf Seiten der Athener; lind die Rhodier^
von den Argivern abstammend, fochten gezwungen gegen die
Dorischen Syrakusaner und gegen die Getaner, ihr eigenes Pflanzvolk,
die auf Syrakufischer Seite kämpften. Von den Inseln um den
Peloponnes folgten den Athenern die Kephallener und die Zakynther,
die zwar ihre eigene Verfassung hatten, aber doch, ihrer Lage als
Insulaner wegen, so gut wie gezwungen waren, weil die Athener'die
See beherrshcten. Die Kerkyräer aber, die nicht nur Dorer, sondern
auch allbekanntermaßer Korinther waren, fochten gegen die Korinther,
deren Pflanzvolk, und gegen die Syrakusaner, deren Verwandteste ^{2 3 4}
waren, — wie sie deS Anstands halber sagten, gezwungen, in der ⁵
That aber recht gern, wegen ihrer Feindschaft gegen die Konnther"). l
Auch die jetzt nur sogenannten Messenier aus Naupaktos und Pylos,
welches damals im Besitz der Athener war, waren zum Kriege
zugezogen worden. Auch Verbannte aus Megara, obgleich nicht in
großer Zahl, fochten ihrer unglücklichen Lage halber gegen die
Megarenfischen Selinuntier. Bei den Uebrigen war die Betheiligung am
Kampf mehr freiwillig. Denn die Argiver waren den Athenern
nicht sowohl wegen des Bundesverhältnisses gefolgt, als vielmehr
aus Feindschaft gegen die Lakedämonier und des augenblicklichen
Nutzens wegen für die einzelnen Gemeinden, und fochten so auf
Seiten der Joner als Dorer gegen Dorer. Die Mantiiieer aber und
andere Arkadier waren überhaupt gewohnt, als Miethlinge gegen die
zu ziehen, die ihnen als Feinde bezeichnet wurden, und sahen des
Gewinnes wegen auch die damals mit den Korinthern ausgezogenen,
Arkader nichts destoweniger als Feinde an: Ebenso folgten auch
Kreter und Aetoler um des Soldes willen, und bei den Kretern fügte
eS sich, daß sie Gela gegenüber, welches sie im Verein mit den
Rhodiern selbst gegründet hatten, des Soldes halber aus eigenem Ent<«
schluß nicht für, sondern gegen ihr Pflanzvolk kämpften. Auch von
den Akarnanern hatten einige, wohl zugleich um Sold, die Mehrzahl
aber aus Freundschaft für den Demotshenes und aus Wohlwollen
gegen die Athener bundesgenössischen Zuzug geleistet. Dieß waren
die Völkerschaften diesseits des Ionischen Meeres. Von den
Jtalioten hielten, gezwungen durch die Noth jener Zeit voll innerer Unruhen
und Parteikämpfe, die Thurier und Metapontier mit den Athenern, von
den Sikelischen Griechen aber die Naxier und Katanäer, und von den
Barbaren die Egestaner, welche auch die Mehrzahl der Sikuler dafür
gewannen, und von außerhalb SieilienS Einige der Tyrsener wegen
einer MißHelligkeit mit Syrakus, und gedungene Japyger.

Folgende Völker nämlich tsanden sich bei Syrakus auf beiden
Seiten im Kampfe für und wider Sizilien gegenüber und hatten
sich dort zusammengefunden, entweder um dem einen das Land
erobern zu helfen, oder um es mit dem anderen zu verteidigen.
Dabei hielten sie nicht etwa mit Rücksicht auf Recht oder Ver­
wandtschaft zusammen, sondern wie es sich grade traf und^ jeder
sich dazu durch seinen Vorteil oder durch äußeren Zwang genötigt
sah. Da waren zunächst die Athener selbst, welche als Jonier
aus freien Stücken den Krieg gegen die dorischen Syrakus er unter­
nommen hatten, und mit ihnen die Lemnier, Jmbrer und die da­
maligen Bewohner von Agina und der athenischen Kolonie
Hestiaia auf Euboia, die alle noch mit ihnen dieselbe Sprache
redeten und gleiches Recht hatten. Andere beteiligten sich als
Untertanen oder als selbständige Bundesgenossen an dem Zuge,
einige auch als Söldner. Zu den untertänigen und steuerpflich­
tigen Orten gehörten Eretria, Chalkis? Styra und Karystos auf
Euboia, von den Inseln Keos, Andros und Tenos, in Ionien
Milet, Samos und Chios. Chios zahlte jedoch keine Steuer,
sondern stellte Schiffe unter eigener Flagge zur Bundesflotte.
In der Hauptsache waren das alles bis auf die dryopische
Bevölkerung von Karystos Jonier athenischer Abkunft, welche,
wenn auch als Untertanen und gezwungen, doch wenigstens
als Jonier den Zug gegen jene Dorier mitmachten. Dazu
kamen aber auch Äolier aus Methymna, die zwar Untertanen,
aber nicht steuerpflichtig waren, sondern Schiffe stellten, und
aus Tenedos und Ainos, welche Steuern zahlten. Diese Aolier
kämpften, nur weil sie mußten, gegen die zu den Syrakusern
haltenden Böotier, von denen sie abstammten. Dagegen fochten
die Platäer grade als Böotier mit rechtschaffenem Haß gegen
ihre böotischen Landsleute. Rhodos und Kythera, beide dorisch,
Kythera sogar von den Lakedämoniern besiedelt, stellten den
Athenern Truppen gegen die Lakedämonier unter Gylippos,
und Rhodos, eine Gründung von Argos, war gezwungen,
gegen das dorische Syrakus und seine eigene Kolonie Gela,
die es mit Syrakus hielt, Krieg zu führen. Von den Inseln
im Westen des Peloponnes hatten sich Kephalenia und Zakyn­
thos den Athenern angeschlossen, da sie, wenn sie auch selb­
ständig waren, bei deren Übermacht zur See nicht wohl anders
konnten. Kerkyra, das nicht nur dorisch, sondern sogar Tochter­
stadt von Korinth war, machte den Krieg gegen die Korinther
und Syrakuser, obwohl es von jenen gegründet und mit diesen
eines Stammesswar, nichtsdetsoweniger eifrig mit, vorgeblich
weil es mußte, in der Tat aber aus Haß gegen die Korinther.
Die Messenier, wie sie immer noch hießen, aus Naupaktos und
Pylos, das damals im Besitz der Athener war, hatten auch
mitgemußt, und auch einige Flüchtlinge aus Megara waren
durch das Schicksal, das sie betroffen, dazu getrieben, gegen
ihre eigenen alten Landsleute aus Selinus zu fechten. Dazu
nun noch alle die übrigen, welche den Zug freiwillig mitmachten.
Die Argeier, die sich nicht sowohl des Bündnisses wegen, als
aus Haß gegen die Lakedämonier und aus Rücksichten auf
augenblickliche Vorteile einzelner, Dorier gegen Dorier, den
ionischen Athenern angeschlossen hatten; die Mantineer und
andere Arkadier, welche gewohnt waren, als Söldner gegen
jeden ihnen bezeichneten Feind zu fechten, und nicht bezweifel­
ten, daß auch die Arkadier auf seiten der Korinther diesen
ebenfalls nur des Geldes wegen Kriegsdienste leisteten. Ebenso
hatten Kreter und Ätolier sich für Sold anwerben lassen.
Und so kam es, daß die Kreter, welche mit Rhodiern Gela
gegründet hatten, nicht für ihre eigene Kolonie, sondern als
Söldner unbedenklich gegen sie kämpften. Auch aus Akarna­
nien hatten sich manche zwar auch für gutes Geld, die meisten
aber doch aus Freundschaft für Demosthenes und aus Anhänglich­
keit an die Athener, mit denen sie im Bunde waren, ihnen
angeschlossen. Alle diese von diesseits des Ionischen Meeres.
Von den griechischen Städten in Italien nahmen Thurioi und
Metapontion am Kriege teil, weil sie sich in ihren damaligen
Parteikämpfen dazu gezwungen sahen, in Sizilien Naxos und
Katana, von Nichtgriechen Egesta, das die Athener zu Hilfe
gerufen hatte, und die meisten Sikeler, von außerhalb Siziliens
eine Anzahl Thyrfener wegen ihrer Streitigkeiten mit den
Syrakusern und einige japygische Söldner. Dies die Völker,
welche auf seiten der Athener fochten.

LVII. Voici l’énuméralion des peuples qui, de part et d’autre, vinrent combattre devant Syracuse pour ou contre la Sicile, afin de concourir, ceux-ci à la conquête, ceux-là à la défense du pays. Ce n’était ni la justice ni la parenté qui avaient formé les liaisons réciproques; chacun avait cédé aux circonstances, à l’intérêt, à la nécessité.

Les Athéniens, Ioniens d’origine, marchèrent avec joie contre les Syracusains, de race dorienne. Avec eux combattaient des peuples qui conservaient encore la langue et les institutions athéniennes, les habitants de Lemnos, d’lmbros, les possesseurs actuels d’Égine ¹ et ² d’Hestiée ³ en Eubée, tous colons d'Athènes. D’autres prirent part à l’expédition comme sujets, comme alliés libres, quelques-uns comme mercenaires : parmi les peuples sujets et tributaires, étaient les habitants de l’Eubée, Érétriens, Chalcidéens, Styréens, Carystiens; les insulaires de Céos, d’Andros, de Ténos; de l’Ionie étaient venus les Milésiens, les Samiens et ceux de Chio. Ces derniers toutefois, non tributaires, et ne devant que des vaisseaux, avaient gardé leur autonomie. Tous ces peuples, presque entièrement Ioniens et d’origine athénienne, — à l’exception des Carystiens, qui sont des Dryopes, — prenaient part à l’expédition comme sujets et astreints au service; mais du moins c’étaient des Ioniens combattant contre des Doriens. Venaient ensuite les peuples de race éolique; les Méthymnéens fournissaient, comme sujets, un contingent de vaisseaux, mais ne payaient pas tribut; ceux de Ténédos et d’Énos étaient tributaires. Ceux-là, quoique Éoliens, étaient forcés à porter les armes contre des Éoliens, leurs fondateurs, contre les Béotiens alliés des Syracusains. Les Platéens, tout au contraire, étaient les seuls Béotiens armés contre des Béotiens par un juste sentiment de haine. Les habitants de Rhodes et de Cythère, Doriens les uns et les autres, prenaient également part à la guerre : ceux de Cythère, colons de Lacédémone, marchaient avec les Athéniens contre les Lacédémoniens compagnons de Gylippe; ceux de Rhodes, Argiens d’origine, étaient contraints à faire la guerre aux Syracusains qui étaient Doriens, ⁴ et aux habitants de Géla, leurs propres colons, engagés dans le parti de Syracuse. Parmi les insulaires voisins du Péloponnèse, ceux de Céphallénie et de Zacynthe, indépendants il est vrai, cédaient surtout, en suivant les Athéniens, aux nécessités de leur position d’insulaires vis-à-vis des maîtres de la mer; les Corcyréens, qui sont non seulement des Doriens, mais de véritables Corinthiens, marchaient à la suite des Athéniens contre les Corinthiens dont ils descendent, et contre les Syracusains qui ont avec eux même origine; en apparence ils cédaient à la force, en réalité ils n’étaient pas fâchés de satisfaire leur haine contre les Corinthiens. Ceux qu’on appelle aujourd’hui Messéniens de Naupacte, et les Messéniens de Pylos, qui était alors au pouvoir des Athéniens, furent également enrôlés pour cette guerre. Des exilés mégariens, en petit nombre, combattirent aussi, par le malheur de leur situation, contre les Sélinontins originaires de Mégare. Quant aux autres peuples, la part qu’ils prirent à l’expédition fut plutôt toute volontaire. Les Argiens y vinrent, moins à titré d’alliés qu’en haine des Lacédémoniens el par des considérations toutes personnelles : Doriens, ils suivaient contre des Doriens les Athéniens qui sont Ioniens. Les Mantinéens et les autres mercenaires arcadiens, accoutumés à marcher toujours contre quiconque est désigné à leurs coups, ne faisaient alors aucune différence, grâce à la solde qu’ils touchaient, entre les Arcadiens venus avec les Corinthiens et les autres ennemis. Les Crétois et les Étoliens avaient aussi été entraînés par l’appât d’une solde : les Crétois, qui avaient fondé Géla de concert avec les Rhodiens, se trouvèrent ainsi, à titre de mercenaires, marcher sans le vouloir contre leur colonie, au lieu de la défendre. Parmi les Acarnanes, quelques-uns avaient cédé à l’attrait du gain; mais la plupart obéissaient à leur affection pour Démosthènes, à leur penchant pour les Athéniens, et les secondaient en qualité d’alliés. Indépendamment de ces peuples qu’embrasse le golfe d'lonie, quelques villes d’ltalie, Thurium et Métaponte, participèrent à l’expédition, réduites à cette nécessité par les malheurs d’un temps de sédition. En Sicile, Naxos et Catane; parmi les barbares, les Égestains, qui avaient appelé les Athéniens, et la plupart des Sicèles; en dehors de la Sicile, quelques Tyrséniens en hostilité avec Syracuse et des lapyges mercenaires : tels sont les peuples qui marchaient avec les Athéniens.

[1] For the following nations on either side had entered the war at Syracuse, coming against Sicily or in behalf of Sicily, to aid the Athenians to win the country or the Syracusans to save it; and they chose sides, not so much on the ground of right or even of kinship, but either out of regard for their own advantage or from necessity, according to the circumstances in which they each happened to be placed. ¹

[2] The Athenians themselves, as Ionians, went of their own free will against the Syracusans, who were Dorians, and with them went as members of the expedition the Lemnians, the Imbrians, ² and the Aeginetans, who at this time held Aegina, as also the Hestiaeans who inhabit Hestiaea in Euboea, all these being colonists of the Athenians and having the same language and institutions as they had.

[3] Of the rest, some took part in the expedition as subjects, others in consequence of an alliance, although independent, and some were mercenaries.

[4] The peoples that were subjects and tributaries were the Eretrians, Chalcidians, Styreans and Carystians from Euboea; from the islands the Ceans, Andrians and Tenians; and from Ionia the Milesians, Samians and Chians. Of these last, however, the Chians followed as independent allies, not subject to the payment of tribute but furnishing ships instead. ³ Of the above-mentioned almost all were Ionians and colonists of Athens—except the Carystians, who are Dryopians ⁴ —and although they followed as subjects and under compulsion, nevertheless they were Ionians going against Dorians. Besides these there were Aeolians: the Methymnaeans, ⁵ who paid service with ships and not with tribute, and as tributaries the Tenedians and Aenians. These, though Aeolians, were constrained to fight against Aeolians, that is, the Boeotians, their founders, who were on the side of the Syracusans;

[5] while the Plataeans ⁶ were the only outright Boeotians who were opposed to Boeotians—as was natural considering their hatred. And there were the Rhodians and Cytherians, both Dorians; the Cytherians, although colonists of the Lacedaemonians, bore arms with the Athenians against the Lacedaemonians who were with Gylippus, while the Rhodians, Argives by descent, were compelled to make war not only upon the Syracusans, who were Dorians, but also upon the Geloans, their own colonists, ⁷ who were serving with the Syracusans.

[6] Of the inhabitants of the islands off the shores of the Peloponnesus, the Cephallenians and Zacynthians ⁸ went with the Athenians as independent allies, it is true, but on account of their insular position were under a measure of restraint, because the Athenians were masters of the sea.

[7] The Corcyraeans, who were not only Dorians but confessedly Corinthians, were serving against the Corinthians and Syracusans, though colonists of the former and kinsmen of the latter, under the specious pretext indeed of compulsion, but really quite as much from choice, on account of their hatred of the Corinthians. Also the Messenians, as they are now called, who live in Naupactus, ⁹ as well as the Messenians at Pylos, which was now in the possession of the Athenians, were taken along as participants in the war.

[8] Furthermore, there were a few exiles from Megara ¹⁰ who, because of their misfortune, were fighting against the Selinuntians, ¹¹ who were Megarians. So far as the rest were concerned, their part in the expedition was, as compared with the others, of a more voluntary character.

[9] The Argives, ¹² on the one hand, were led to take part, not so much by their alliance, as by their hatred of the Lacedaemonians, and out of regard each for his own immediate advantage, associating themselves, Dorians against Dorians, with the Athenians who were Ionians; the Mantineans, on the other hand, and other Arcadians went as mercenaries, for they were accustomed to go against any who at any time were pointed out to them as enemies, and at this time were led by desire of gain to regard as enemies the Arcadians who were with the Corinthians. ¹³ The Cretans and the Aetolians were also induced by pay; and in the case of the Cretans it so fell out that, although they had assisted the Rhodians in the founding of Gela, ¹⁴ they went, not with their colonists, but against them, and of their own free will, for hire. Some of the Acarnanians served, it is true, for gain, but the greater portion were moved by friendship for Demosthenes and goodwill ¹⁵ toward the Athenians, whose allies they were, to come to their aid.

[10] All these were within the boundary of the Ionian Gulf;

[11] but of the Italiots the Thurians and Metapontians took part in the expedition, being reduced at this time to such straits by party crises that they could not do otherwise; and of the Siceliots the Naxians and the Catanaeans. Of Barbarians there were the Egestaeans, who had brought the Athenians to Sicily, and the greater part of the Sicels; and of those outside of Sicily a certain number of Tyrrhenians, ¹⁶ who had a quarrel with the Syracusans, and some Iapygian mercenaries. ¹⁷ So many were the peoples who took part in the struggle on the side of the Athenians.

[1] For the following were the states on each side that repaired to Syracuse for the war, coming against Sicily, or in its behalf, to assist the one side in winning, and the other in keeping possession of the country; taking their stand with one another, not so much on the ground of right, or of kindred, but as they were each circumstanced with respect either to expediency or to necessity.

[2] The Athenians themselves went willingly, as Ionians against the Dorians of Syracuse; and with them went, as their colonists, having the same language and institutions as themselves, the Lemnians, Imbrians, and Aeginetans, who ¹ then occupied Aegina; as also the Hestiaeans, who inhabited Hestiaea, in Boeotia. Of the rest, some were serving with them as subjects;

[3] others in consequence of their alliance, although independent; and others as mercenaries. Amongst their subjects and tributaries were the Eretrians, Chalcidians, Styrians, and Carystians, of Euboea.

[4] From the islands were the Ceans, Andrians, and Tenians: from Ionia, the Milesians, Samnians, and Chians. Of these, the Chians joined as independent allies, not being subject to tribute, but supplying ships. All these were chiefly Ionians, and descended from the Athenians, except the Carystians, who were Dryopes; and though subject, and going from necessity, ² still they followed at any rate as Ionians against Dorians. Besides these, there were of Aeolic race, the Methymnaeans, subject to supplying ships but not tribute; and the Tenedians and Aenians, who were tributaries. These, although Aeolians, were by compulsion fighting against Aeolians, namely, the Boeotians, their founders, who were on the Syracusan side.

[5] But the Plataeans alone fought as Boeotians ³ right in the face of Boeotians, as might have been expected, for the hatred they bore them. Of Rhodians and Cytherians, again, both of Doric race, the Cytherians, though colonists of the Lacedaemonians, were fighting in concert with the Athenians against the Lacedaemonians with Gylippus;

[6] while the Rhodians, who were Argives by race, were compelled to wage war against the Syracusans, who were Dorians, and the Geloans, who were even their own colonists, serving with the Syracusans. Of the islanders around the Peloponnese, the Cephallenians and Zacynthians followed, indeed, as independent allies, but still, on account of their insular position, rather by constraint, because the Athenians commanded the sea.

[7] The Corcyraeans, though not only Dorians but even Corinthians, followed openly against the Corinthians and Syracusans, though colonists of the one and kinsmen of the other; by compulsion, according to their specious profession, but rather with good will, for the hatred they bore the Corinthians. The Messenians, too, as they are now called, at Naupactus, and also from Pylus, which was then held by the Athenians, were taken to the war. Moreover, some few Megarean exiles, owing to their misfortune, were fighting against the Selinuntines, who were Megareans.

[8] Of the rest the service was now more of a voluntary nature. For it was not so much on account of their alliance, as out of hatred for the Lacedaemonians, and for their own individual advantage at the moment, that the Argives followed in company of the Ionian Athenians to fight as Dorians against Dorians.

[9] While the Mantineans, and other mercenaries from Arcadia, went as being accustomed to go against the enemies who at any time were pointed out to them; and thought, for the sake of gain, that the Arcadians, who at that time came with the Corinthians, were no less than others their foes. The Cretans and Aetolians also came for consideration of pay; and it happened in the case of the Cretans, that although they had joined the Rhodians in founding Gela, they now came, not with their colonists, but against them—not by choice, but for pay. There were also some Acarnanians who served as auxiliaries, partly from motives of interest, but mainly as being allies, through their friendship with Demosthenes, and their good-will towards the Athenians.

[10] These, then, ⁴ were within the boundary of the Ionian gulf.

[11] Of the Italiots, on the other hand, the Thurians and Metapontines, as they had been overtaken by such necessities at that time, owing to those seasons of faction, joined in the expedition; and of the Siceliots, the Naxians and Catanians. Of barbarians, there were the Segestans, who indeed invited then to their aid, with the greater part of the Sicels; and of those out of Sicily, some of the Tyrrhenians, on account of a quarrel with the Syracusans, and some lapygian mercenaries. Such and so many were the nations that were serving with the Athenians.

[1] Tot enim in utraque parfc ici contra Siciliam vel pro Sicilia bellum ad Syracusas gesserunt, qui alteros ut in subigenda terra, alteros ut in servanda juvarent, eo profecti sunt, non magis juris aliqua aut cognationis ratione inter se conjuncti, sed ut quique vel casu vel utilitate vel necessitate adducti erant.

[2] Atque ipsi quidem Athenienses, qui erant Iones, contra Syracusanos, qui erant Dorienses , ultro veneraot, et cum iis eadem lingua et iisdem praeterea institutis utentes Lemnii et Imbrii et Aeginetae, qui tunc Aeginam tenebant, et praeterea Hestiaeenses, qui Hestiaeam in Euboea sitam incolunt, eorum coloni, ejusdem militiae socii fuerunt.

[3] Ex ceteris vero, qui ad eamdem expeditionem cum iis iverant, alii erant subditi, alii socii, qui sois legibus vivebant, nonnulli etiammercedeconducti.

[4] Atque ex subditis quidem et tributariis Eretrienses et Chalcidenses et Styrenses et Carystii ex Euboea erant; ex insulis vero Cei et Andrii et Tenii; ex Ionia verti Milesii et Samii et Chii. Inter hos autem Chii, tribulorum im-munes, et tantum navibus suppeditandis obnoxii, liberi secuti erant. Atque horum plerique omnes Iones eunt, et ab Atheniensibus oriundi, praeter Carystios (hi vero sunt Dryopes), quum aolem subditi essent, etiam necessitate, Iones contra Dorienses sequebantur.

[5] Praeter hos autem. Nolenses, Methymnaei quidem, (qui naves tantum, nullum vero tributum pendebant, Tenedii vero et Nnii vectigales. Hi vero Nolenses cum Boeotis Nolensibus, ex suarum coloniarum conditoribus, qui cum Syracusanis se conjunxerant, necessitate coacti pugnabant; Plataeenses vero soli Boeoti manifestissime contra Boeotos ut consentaneum erat pro eorum odio.

[6] Rhodii vero et Cytherii , Dorienses utrique, alteri quidem Cytherii Lacedaemoniorum coloni, contra Lacedaemonios, qui cum Gylippo erant, cum Atheniensibus arma ferebant; Rhodii vero, qui ab Argivis erant oriundi, Syracusanis Doriensibus, quinetiam Geloid suis colonis, qui cum Syracusanis militabant , bellum facere cogebantur.

[7] Et ex iosularum incolis , qui circa Peloponnesum erant, Cephallenenses et Zacynthii, liberi illi quidem, quia tamen insulas incolebant, coacti potius, quod Athenienses maris imperium obtinebant, sequebantur; at Corcyraei aperte non solum Dorienses, sed etiam Corinthii, adversus Corinthios atque Syracusanos, quamvis illorum quidem coloni, horum vero cognati, necessitate quidem, si speciosum praetextum species, sin animum, vel magis etiam propter odium in Corinthios sequebantur.

[8] Messenii quoque, qui nunc sic appellantur, ex Naupacto et ex Pylo, quae tunc ab Atheniensibus tenebatur, ad hoc bellum assumpti erant. Item Megarensium exsules mulli cum Selinuntiis Megarensibus propter calamitatem suam pugnabant.

[9] Jam vero ceteri sua sponte potius hanc expeditionem sequebantur. Nam Argivi quidem non magis societatis gratia, quam propter suum in Lacedaemonios odium, et propter suum privatum quisque ac praesens commodum Dorienses adversus Dorienses comitabantur Athenienses Iones; Mantinei vero etiam,et alii ex Arcadibus mercenarii, qui adversus quoslibet, qui* cumque sibi hostes proponerentur, in bellum proficisci consueverant, tunc quoque illos Arcades, qui cum Corinthiis venerant, nihilo minus lucri gratia hostium loco habebant; Cretenses vero et Aeoli mercede et ipsi adducti; accidit autem , ut Crelenses, qui cum Rhodiis Gelam condiderant, non a suis colonis starent sed contra suos colonos invitos mercede allecti militarent.

[10] Acarnanum quoque nonnulli simul lucri causa, multo tamen magis propter gratiam Demosthenis et benevolentiam in Athenienses, quorum socii erant, auxilium tulerunt.

[11] Atque hi quidem sunt, qui intra sinus Ionii lines habitabant; ex Italicis vero populis Thurii et Metapontini, quum in hujusmodi necessitatibus tunc temporum plenorum seditionibus deprehensi essent, militiam sequebantur, et ex Siciliensibus Naxii et Catanaei, barbarorum vero Egestsci, qui etiam Athenienses arcessiverant, et Siculorum major pars, et ex iis, qui extra Siciliam habitabant, Helruscorum nonnulli, propter inimici* tias, quas cum Syracusanis gerebant, et Iapyges mercenarii. Atque tot quidem gentes cum Atheniensibus militabant;

E però io voglio numerare tutte quelle genti che da amendue le parti guerreggiarono a Siracusa, per la Sicilia e contro di lei, o per partecipare con gli uni della conquista, o con gli altri della salvezza ; le quali si misero da una di quelle parti non tanto per titolo di giustizia o di parentela, quanto per interesse o per necessità, sfondo lo stato accidentale di ciascun popolo. Gli Ateniesi , come Ionii, vennero di buona voglia contro i Siracusani che erano Doriesi, e con essi Lemnii, gl’Imbrii, e gli Egineti che allora tenevano Egina, perchè usavano il medesimo linguaggio e costumanze ; e di più vi si uni« rono gli Estìei abitatori di Esliea in Eubea, perchè colonia d’Atene. Quanto agli altri che si unirono a questa spedi« zione , alcuni erano sudditi degli Ateniesi, alcuni alleati indipendenti, alcuni poi presi a soldo. Tra i sudditi tributani, gli Eretriesi, i Calcidesi, gli Stiriesi ed i Caristii erano delFEubea ; delle isole, i Chii, gli Andrii, i Teii iFIonia, i Milesii, i Samii, i Chii. Tra tutti questi i Chii non pagavano tributo, ma essendo indipendenti li seguivano somministrando delle navi; e la maggior parte di quei popoli sono di origine ionica, e discendono dagli Ateniesi, tranne i Caristii che son Driopi ; onde parte per esser vassalli, parte astretti dalla parentela per essere aneli’essi Ionici, seguivano gli Ateniesi. Oltre ad essieranvi dell’Eolia, i Motimnei con delle navi ma senza pagar tributo, ed i Tenedii e gli Enii tributari!. Questi Eolici combattevano per forza contro i Beozii che pur sono Eolici e fondatori della loro colonia, perchè si erano uniti coi Siracusani. I Plateesi furono i soli tra i BeOzii che per inimicizia, come era da aspettarsi, a viso aperto guerreggiavano contro i Beozii. Quindi i Rodii ed i Citerii, entrambi di stirpe dorica; i Citerii, sebbene coloni dei Lacedemoni, portavano le armi insieme con gli Ateniesi contro i Lacedemoni che erano con Gilippo ; i Rodii , della stirpe argiva, erano astretti a guerreggiare non solo i Siracusani come Doriesi, ma ancora i Geloi suoi coloni che militavano coi Siracusani. Fra gl’isolani intorno al Peloponneso, si unirono a questa guerra i Cefallenii e gli Zacintii, che sebbene indipendenti, appunto perchè isolani erano tenuti a segno con più severità dagli Ateniesi padroni diri mare ; ed i Corfuotti, sebbene Doriesi e Corintii, non furono men pronti a venire contro i Corintii ed i Siracusani , tuttoché coloni di quelli e consanguinei di questi , sotto colore di esservi astretti, in 'vero poi di lor volontà per odio dei Corintii. Furono inoltre assunti a questa guerra quei chiamati ora Messemi di Naupatto, e quei di Pilo tenuto allora dagli Ateniesi; ed anche non molti banditi Megaresi per la disgrazia del loro esilio combattevano contro i Selinunti pur Megaresi. La maggior parte del rimanente dell’esercito si aggiunse a questa spedizione più che altro spontaneamente. Gli Argivi erano dalla parte degli Ateniesi non tanto per debito di alleanza quanto per l’inimicizia dei Lacedemoni ; e ciascuuo di essi per qualche suo presente e privato odio, Doriesi come erano, veniva contro i Doriesi insieme con gli Ateniesi che sono Ionii. I Mautineesi e gli altri Arcadi presi a soldo, avvezzi ad andar sempre contro quei che sieno loro mostrati per nemici ; allora venivano anco per ingordigia del guadagno, stimando niente meno che nemici gli Arcadi condottisi in Sicilia con i (kmntii. I Cretesi e gli Etolii vi erano anch’essi indotti dal soldo ; ed ai Cretesi, fondatori insieme coi Kodii di Gela, avvenne di trovarsi loro malgrado per mercede non co’ propri coloni, ma contro di essi. Parimente alcuni degli Acarnani per guadagno , e la maggior parte per Tamicizia di Demostene e per benevolenza verso gli Ateniesi, de'quali erano alleati, si aggiunsero a loro soccorso. Tutti costoro abitano entro i confini del seno ionico. Fra gl’italiani, militavano con gli Ateniesi i Turii ed i Metapontini in queste angustie di tempi occupati da sedizione ; tra i Siciliani, i Nassii ed i Catanesi ; e tra i barbari, gli Egestei che si erano guadagnati l’amicizia della maggior parte dei popoli dentro e fuori la Sicilia. Finalmente vi erano alcuni dei Tirrenii per ditferenze coi Siciliani, e gl’ lapigii presi a sti- pendio. Cotanti erano i popoli che militavano con gli Ateniesi. '